1、2011 年硕士研究生入学考试英语二真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is als
2、o behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has _1_across the Web.Can privacy be preserved _2_ bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly _3_ ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyber-czar, offered the federal government a _4_ to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trust
3、ed identity” system that would be the high-tech _5_ of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled _6_ one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential _7_ to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to _8_
4、a federation of private online identity systems. User could _9_ which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license _10_ by the government.Google and Micr
5、osoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to _11_ just once but use many different services._12_ .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a _1
6、3_ community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with _14_ ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure _15_ which the transaction runs”.Still, the administrations plan has _16
7、_ privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would _17_ be a compulsory Internet “drives license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with _18_ by some computer security experts, who worry that t
8、he “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet _19_ .They argue that all Internet users should be _20_ to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1 A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden2 A.for B
9、.within C.while D.though3 A.careless B.lawless C.pointless D. helpless4 A.reason B.reminder C.compromise D. proposal5 A.information B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent6 A.by B.into C.from D.over7 A.linked B.directed C.chained D.compared8 A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve9 A.recall B.su
10、ggest C.select D.realize10 A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered11 A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in12 A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast13 A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving D.competing14 A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience15 A.on B.after C.beyond D.across16 A.div
11、ided B.disappointed C.protected D.united17 A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually18 A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm19 A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible20 A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:R
12、ead the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of th
13、e decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the b
14、oard. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives propo
15、sals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then t
16、hey simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that
17、the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and s
18、ubsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a
19、 blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will fol
20、low the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDleaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors ar
21、e supposed to be .Agenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is likely to .Abecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in the stock ma
22、rketDperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustomed to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25. The authors
23、 attitude toward the role of outside directors is .ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcriticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the Sa
24、n Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.
25、In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a fe
26、w years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refu
27、se delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly
28、unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”Europ
29、ean economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, fi
30、gures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its best, the European proj
31、ect is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU
32、is faced with so many problems that .A it has more or less lost faith in markets B even its supporters begin to feel concerned C some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EUs single currency is stuck because the domina
33、nt powers .A are competing for the leading position B are busy handling their own crisesC fail to reach an agreement on harmonization D disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .A EU funds for poor regions be increasedB stricter regulations be
34、imposedC only core members be involved in economic co-ordination D voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that _ _.Apoor countries are more likely to get fundsBstrict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesCloans will be readily
35、available to rich countriesDrich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel _ _.ApessimisticBdesperateCconceitedDhopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corr
36、esponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46 Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who
37、would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the worlds airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on
38、how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.
