1、12014年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语(二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Thinner isnt always better. A number of studies have _1_ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some
2、diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually _2_. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. _3_ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an _4_ of good health.Of even
3、 greater _5_ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined _6_ body mass index, or BMI. BMI _7_ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is
4、 considered obese. Obesity, _8_,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low B
5、MI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_
6、15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, an
7、d teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiativ
8、es. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.1. A denied B concluded C doubled D ensured2. A protective B dangerous C sufficient Dtroublesome3. A Instead B However C Likewise D Therefore4. A indi
9、cator B objective C origin D example5. A impact B relevance C assistance D concern6. A in terms of B in case of C in favor of D in of27. A measures B determines C equals D modifies8. A in essence B in contrast C in turn D in part9. A complicated B conservative C variable D straightforward10. A so B
10、while C since D unless11. A shape B spirit C balance D taste12. A start B quality C retire D stay13. A strange B changeable C normal D constant14. A option B reason C opportunity D tendency15. A employed B pictured C imitated D monitored16. A computed B combined C settled D associated17. A Even B St
11、ill C Yet D Only18. A despised B corrected C ignored D grounded19. A discussions B businesses C policies D studies20. A for B against C with D withoutSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark yo
12、ur answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1What would you do with $590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84yearold widow who recently emerged from her small, tinroofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her newfound fortune wi
13、ll yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions
14、 of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly. What was once exciting and new becomes oldhat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms. Dumn and Mr. Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even go
15、ing to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with timeas stories or memoriesparticularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most “happiness bang for your buck.” It seems most pe
16、ople would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it). Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more
17、pleasurable than purchasing things for 3oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonalds restricts the availability of its popular McRiba marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.Readers of Happy
18、Money are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger. Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around
19、the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money w
20、ell spent.21. According to Dumn and Norton, which of the following is the most rewarding purchase?A A big house. B A special tour. C A stylish car. D A rich meal.22. The authors attitude toward Americans watching TV is _.A critical B supportive C sympathetic D ambiguous23. McRib is mentioned in Para
21、graph 3 to show that _.A consumers are sometimes irrational B popularity usually comes after qualityC marketing tricks are after effective D rarity generally increases pleasure24. According to the last paragraph, Happy Money _.A has left much room for readers criticism B may prove to be a worthwhile
22、 purchaseC has predicted a wider income gap in the US D may give its readers a sense of achievement25. This text mainly discusses how to _.A balance feeling good and spending money B spend large sums of money won in lotteriesC obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent D become more reasonable in
23、spending on luxuriesText 2An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think youre more beautiful than you are. We have a deepseated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into w
24、hat they call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with othersall obviously statistical impossibilities.We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into s
25、elfaffirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking were hot stuff.Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into selfenhancement and attractiveness. Rather that hav
26、e people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photograph of themselves from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapi
27、dly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering imagewhich must didthey genuinely believed it was really how they looked.Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who se
28、lfenhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other maker
29、s for having higher selfesteem. “I dont think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “Its a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves. If you are depressed, you wont be selfenhancing.Knowing the results of Epleys study, it makes s
30、ense that why people heat photographs of themselves viscerallyon one level, they dont even recognize the person in the picture as themselves. Facebook therefore, is a selfenhancers paradise, where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit, style, beauty, intellect and
31、lifestyles. “Its not that peoples profiles are dishonest”, says Catalina Toma of WisconMadison university,” but they portray an idealized version of themselves.26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologists have found that _.A our selfratings are unrealistically high B illusory superiori
32、ty is a baseless effect4C our need for leadership is unnatural D selfenhancing strategies are ineffective27. Visual recognition is believed to be peoples _.A rapid watching B conscious choice C intuitive response D automatic selfdefence28. Epley found that people with higher selfesteem tended to _.A
33、 underestimate their insecurities B believe in their attractivenessC cover up their depressions D oversimplify their illusions29. The word “viscerally” (Line 2, Para. 5) is closest in meaning to _.A instinctively B occasionally C particularly D aggressively30. It can be inferred that Facebook is sel
34、fenhancers paradise because people can _.A present their dishonest profiles B define their traditional life stylesC share their intellectual pursuits D withhold their unflattering sidesText 3The concept of man versus machine is at least as old as the industrial revolution, but this phenomenon tends
35、to be most acutely felt during economic downturns and fragile recoveries. And yet, it would be a mistake to think we are right now simply experiencing the painful side of a boom and bust cycle. Certain jobs have gone away for good, outmoded by machines. Since technology has such an insatiable appeti
36、te for eating up human jobs, this phenomenon will continue to restructure our economy in ways we cant immediately foresee.When there is rapid improvement in the price and performance of technology, jobs that were once thought to be immune from automation suddenly become threatened. This argument has
37、 attracted a lot of attention, via the success of the book Race Against the Machine, by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, who both hail from MITs Center for Digital Business.This is a powerful argument, and a scary one. And yet, John Hagel, author of The Power of Pull and other books, says Brynjo
38、lfsson and McAfee miss the reason why these jobs are so vulnerable to technology in the first place.Hagel says we have designed jobs in the U. S. that tend to be “tightly scripted” and “highly standardized” ones that leave no room for “individual initiative or creativity.” In short, these are the ty
39、pes of jobs that machines can perform much better at than human beings. That is how we have put a giant target sign on the backs of American workers, Hagel says.Its time to reinvent the formula for how work is conducted, since we are still relying on a very 20th century notion of work, Hagel says. I
40、n our rapidly changing economy, we more than ever need people in the workplace who can take initiative and exercise their imagination “to respond to unexpected events.” Thats not something machines are good at. They are designed to perform very predictable activities.As Hagel notes, Brynjolfsson and
41、 McAfee indeed touched on this point in their book. We need to reframe race against the machine as race with the machine. In other words, we need to look at the ways in which machines can augment human labor rather than replace it. So then the problem is not really about technology, but rather, “how
42、 do we innovate our institutions and our work practices?”31. According to the first paragraph, economic downturns would _.A ease the competition of man vs. Machine B highlight machines threat to human jobsC provoke a painful technological revolution D outmode our current economic structure32. The au
43、thors of Race Against the Machine argue that _.A technology is diminishing mans job opportunities B automation is accelerating technological developmentC certain jobs will remain intact after automation D man will finally win the race against machine33. Hagel argues that jobs in the U. S. are often
44、_.A performed by innovative minds B scripted with an individual styleC standardized without a clear target D designed against human creativity34. According to the last paragraph, Brynjolfsson and McAfee discussed _.A the predictability of machine behavior in practiceB the formula for how work is con
45、ducted efficientlyC the ways machines replace human labor in modern timesD the necessity of human involvement in the workplace535. Which of the following could be the most appropriate title for the text?A How to Innovate Our Work Practices? B Machines will Replace Human LaborC Can We Win the Race Ag
46、ainst Machines? D Economic Downturns Stimulate InnovationsText 4When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame
47、. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillionpound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewher
48、e. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It nee
