1、LiteratureScript:Wondering how a writer creates a story that holds your curiosity throughout play or drama? Well, fiction is one of the types of literature that includes novels, prose, poems, short stories and dramas. Fiction is defined as a narrative that is based on imagination. A complete work in
2、volves how an author organizes his ideas, the points he covers. Has he used any techniques such as foreshadowing method (e.g. Shakespearean dramas like Hamlet, King Lear, Othello) to keep the interest of the reader or audience throughout the play? How does the poetic deviation method make Wordsworth
3、s poem a melody? Yes, there are lots of factors that help decide the flow of the whole story. These factors are specific methods used in literary language. A successful fiction story may make a reader feel strongly identified with one of its interesting characters even in real life, too. Lets respon
4、d to the above questions with the help of the elements of fiction.Elements of FictionPlotThe story revolves around the plot. A plot contains incidents composed of many parts. The sequence begins with an exposition (background), blooms in the conflict (rising actions, between two forces, protagonist
5、or antagonist), climax (peak of the story in the middle) and resolution (victory, defeat, sad ending or happy ending). Platos concept of plot is based on place, time and manner.SettingThe actual place where the story takes place is the setting. Basically, the setting depends on the theme and choice
6、of the places as the authors story may require such as a house, jungle, palace, or workplace. It can be different places according to the sequence of events in the plot.ThemeWhat the author wants to convey is the central idea of the story and is known as the “theme”. Sometimes, the theme may be more
7、 than one. The main theme supports the subject and the moral of the narrative, which the reader indirectly comes across in a play. Love, revenge, historic, political, picturesque and allegory are some of the themes used in romantic poem such as Robert Burns “My Love is Like a Red, Red Rose” - has lo
8、ve as a theme.CharacterWriter presents his characters in two ways. Direct presentation follows in theatrical plays. Second way is an indirect presentation where the characters words, actions and feelings are shown in indirect way with the support of imagery and soliloquy. A narrative fiction will ge
9、nerally have round, flat, dynamic and static characters. Sometimes there are two opposite characters, such as protagonist and antagonist.Point of ViewThe story presents the point of view of the narrator. Who is the narrator of the story? Is it writer himself or the character introduces others in the
10、 story? The point of view can be presented in different forms:First-person point of view: I, me, we - like the author or a character within the story.Second-person point of view: You - that includes readers. This form is rarely used.Third-person point of view: He, she, it or imaginary (or omniscient
11、 figures, god-like persons, fairytale creatures.)There are some more types found that are objective, subjective and multiple-person narrative mode point of view.Language DictionLanguage diction refers to the choice of wording used by the author. Every culture, all over the world, has its own literat
12、ure. An author can use simple, ornamental, foregrounding, rustic language, figures of speech or amalgams of various languages in the narrative. In poetry, rhyme, rhythm, tone (rising and falling), deviation and exaggeration methods are followed to form it into a melodic stanza.Audience or ReadersThe
13、 passive listener/audience (in a drama) or readers (in a novel, poem or short story) are important factors in a narration, as the entire story unfolds. The true success of an authors work can be considered the attention or influence or impact it leaves on a reader. In the same way, active participat
14、ion of the audience indicates the success of authors play.Text B British Literature is GreatScript: Poets, playwrights and novelists, Britain is famous for its literary talent. From Chaucers Tales to J.K. Rowlings Harry Potter so much of the worlds greatest literature has come from Britain. And the
15、greatest British writer of them all is the Bard himself: William Shakespeare, and this is Shakespeares Globe in London, on the banks of the River Thames.William Shakespeare wrote some of the most famous plays in the world. Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and Macbeth are among his best-known works. Many of
16、his plays were performed at the original Globe Theatre, a short distance from here. It burnt down in 1613, during a performance of Henry VIII. Shakespeares Globe opened to the public fifteen years ago. Its an idea or “best guess” at what the Globe might have looked like. Its a theatre, exhibition sp
17、ace and place of international education. It aims to bring an appreciation of Shakespeare to a wider audience.Dominic Dromgoole is the Globes artistic director.Richard: Dominic, tell me about the Globe.Dominic: The Globe is a recreation of Shakespeares theatre which was originally built in 1599 by S
18、hakespeares own company to house his own work and the work of many other playwrights. Its an extraordinary theatre. It has no roof, as you can see, which makes it extraordinary within itself. It has a curved auditorium and a beautiful frons scenae, and its probably one of the most exciting theatres
19、to watch a play in or to act in in the world.Richard: So what happens here?Dominic: We do about 300 performances every year, about 1,500 people attend every performance. We do a variety of plays by Shakespeare, by other contemporaries of Shakespeare, by. new plays as well, and an extraordinary audie
20、nce comes from all over the world.Richard: Do you think Shakespeare is still relevant today?Dominic: More than ever. Shakespeare speaks to us about our own personal feelings, about love, about grief, about jealousy, about joy, about bereavement, about any of a huge number of things. I can hardly thi
21、nk of a contemporary writer who is as relevant as Shakespeare is.Do you know what? Ive got a real feeling of what a theatre would have been like hundreds of years ago. Its inspirational“To be or not to be? Thats the question”, isnt it?The British landscape has had a huge influence on generations of
22、writers and has inspired them to produce some of their greatest works.The beauty of the Dorset countryside shines through Thomas Hardys novels, and Wordsworths poetry is clearly affected by his love of the Lake District.The landscape of the city has also influenced authors. The plight of the urban p
23、oor inspired one the giants of English literature, Charles Dickens.Charles Dickens was a great British novelist. He lived here, at 48 Doughty Street in London, and his old home has now been turned into a museum. Im going to step back in time to see how Dickens might have lived.The Charles Dickens Mu
24、seum has over 100,000 rare books, works of art and many personal items owned by Dickens himself. Some of his best-loved works, like Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby, were written here. Dickens was popular in his day, but his work has never gone out of print.Julia Ziemer works at the museum.Richard
25、: Julia, tell me about the museum.Julia: So, the museum is based at 48 Doughty Street in London. Its where Dickens lived for 2 years with his young family and where he wrote Oliver Twist, The Pickwick Papers and Nicholas Nickleby.Richard: What are your most important pieces?Julia: We have original m
26、anuscript material from Oliver Twist and Nicholas Nickleby. We have the desk that Dickens wrote on for his final novel and the painting by R.W. Buss called Dickenss Dream.Richard: Dickens led a very hard life. Do you think that influenced his writing?Julia: Absolutely. Dickens was sent to work in a
27、factory when he was just 10 years old, and that experience stayed with him for the rest of his life. If you look at his novels, lots of characters are young children working in horrible conditions.Richard: Why was he such an important figure?Julia: Dickens was a unique writer in his time in that he
28、was very popular with the working classes but also respected by the literature community and read by the higher classes.Richard: He was born 200 years ago. Do you think hes still relevant today?Julia: Definitely. 200 years on, the things that Dickens was writing about - social inequality, poverty -
29、are still very relevant today.This is the last desk that Dickens ever wrote at and I cant wait to have a read of these. Dickens work seems to be able to cross the centuries, but hes not alone. Other British novelists from the past are still popular today.Part IV HomeworkSection A Listening Task. Exe
30、rcise: Spot DictationDirection: Listen to the passage about John Steinbeck and fill in the blanks with what you hear.John Steinbeck was born in Salinas, California, in 1902. His parents were active in the community and encouraged his love of reading and writing. During the summertime, the young Stei
31、nbeck worked on nearby ranches as a hired hand, giving him a (1) deep appreciation for the countryside of California and the people who lived there. After his graduation from high school, Steinbeck attended Stanford University, where he started out as an English major. He then began to pursue (2) in
32、dependent study programs, and attended school sporadically while working a variety of different jobs. Steinbeck permanently left Stanford in 1925 with the idea of pursuing (3)his formal writing career in New York City. However, he was unable to get anything published, so he returned to California, w
33、here he published his first novel, titled A Cup of Gold.Although his first book attracted very little attention from (4) critics and the public, but Steinbeck continued his pursuit, publishing two more novels, To a God Unknown and The Pastures of Heaven. Both of these books were also (5) received po
34、orly by the world of literature, but undaunted, Steinbeck continued writing. He married Carol Henning, his first wife, in 1930 and they made their home in Pacific Grove. It was there that Steinbeck gathered much of the material he used in writing Tortilla Flat and Cannery Row. Both of these books (6
35、) marked a turning point in the career of Steinbeck, with Tortilla Flat receiving the California Commonwealth Clubs Gold Medal honoring the best novel by an author in California. With his (7) long-awaited recognition as encouragement, Steinbeck wrote his seminal The Grapes of Wrath, for which he won
36、 the Pulitzer Prize. He continued to write prolifically, and in 1962 he was awarded the (8) Nobel Prize for Literature.Today, 17 miles from Monterey, a (9) scenic drive will take you to the John Steinbeck Center, located in the heart of Steinbecks stomping grounds in historic old town Salinas. The C
37、enter provides visitors with three experiences in history and literature, (10) art and agriculture, and special events and (11) educational programs. The John Steinbeck Exhibition Hall offers visitors an assortment of multisensory (12) interactive exhibits for all ages. The hall also contains rare a
38、rtifacts as well as seven theaters showcasing some of Steinbecks most noted works, including East of Eden, Of Mice and Men, Cannery Row, and The Grapes of Wrath. The Rabobank Agriculture Museum gives visitors the chance to explore the tales of the Salinas Valley, which has long been considered (13)
39、“the Salad Bowl of the World.“ This permanent exhibit (14) pays homage to the people, history, and technology of the agricultural industry developed through decades of farming on Californias Central Coast. (15) Multiple gallery areas offer changing art works and cultural exhibits, supporting the ideas Steinbeck wrote about. His works routinely focused on championing the disenfranchised and forgotten people of small farming communities, while affirming the (16) underlying strength of the human spirit.
