1、深 圳 大 学本 科 毕 业 论 文（设计）外文参考文献、资料翻译文献、资料题目: Shaking table experimental study of recycled concrete frame-shear wall structures 文献、资料来源: 中国知网 姓 名: 专 业: 土木工程 学 院: 土木工程学院 学 号: 指导教师: 职 称: 翻译日期: 2017.5.10 Design Strategy of Reinforced Concrete Frame Structure for Small High-rise Residential BuildingKey word
2、s: small paper high-rise residential reinforced concrete frame structure Abstract: along with the social economic prosperity, small highrise buildings in our country is developing rapidly. Design thought are constantly updated. Structure system has become more and more diverse. Small highrise steel
3、reinforced concrete frame structure is more and more widely used in construction, small highrise steel reinforced concrete frame structure design has a bright prospect of application. Our country has not been formed the corresponding standard, still need to do alot of research work. 1 small highrise
4、 steel reinforced concrete structure housing the basic structure of form 1.1 frame structureFrame structure characteristics of large width, flexibility is good, the seismic performance is good, the cost is low, but because the column section partition wall thickness and cause greater than the column
5、 Angle, the influence of furniture decorate convex and beautiful, because sometimes in the residence of the room space irregularities and cause of the column to decorate. 1.2 a frame shear wall structureFrame structure in the arrangement of a certain number of shear wall is a part of the frame shear
6、 wall structure. It is a small highrise residence with the extensive application in a main body form. Its characteristic is planar flexible, applicability, reasonable structure, can make the frame, shear wall two have different deformation performance resist lateral force structure is very good coop
7、erative play a role. 1.3 large bay multiribbed slab frame shear wall structureWith the development of The Times and the improvement of peoples living standard, originally built small bay is shear wall system in residential building function, the limitation of becomesincreasingly apparent. In terms o
8、f strength, from small bay in the role of the wall structure cant get enough of the play, and the excess shear wall decorate also lead to large earthquake force, increase the project expenses, moreover, due to the structure, it also increases the weight larger based investment, therefore, large bay
9、multiribbed slab frame shear wall arises at the historic moment. Main wall of a room in an oldstyle house reached 4.5 m to 7.5 m, 7.5 m deep 1 lm, indoor generally no bearing of horizontal and vertical wall wall, can according to the different requirements of household space, along with the family f
10、lexible change still can decorate afresh. 1.4 short shear wall structure Shortshear walls (wall limb section height and thickness ratio is 5 to 8 of shear wall being in specialshaped columns) and general shear wall, because this kind of structure system between the building function, structure and i
11、nvestment efficiency, energysaving index to good effect, has many aspects such as into small high-rise residential main structures. 2 small highrise residential reinforced concrete structure design of the key points 2.1 level load gradually become reinforced concrete structure design of the control
12、factorsIn lowrise residential, often is by gravity, as a representative of the vertical load control of thereinforced concrete structure design; And in residential building, although the vertical load of the reinforced concrete structure design still produces the important influence, but horizontal
13、load willbe the control factors. For a particular architecture, it is substantially the vertical load value; As a horizontal load of wind load and earthquakes, its value is with the dynamic characteristics of the different and there will be great changes. 2.2 axial deformation nots allow to ignoreTo
14、 the frame system or frame shear wall system of a small highrise residential, framework of the axial compressive stress column are often more than side pillar of the axial compressive stress,and it makes column in the axial compression deformation is greater than the side columns axial compression d
15、eformation. When the house is very high, such differences axial deformation will reach a lot of value, the consequences of the continuous beam is equivalent to the middle, bearing produce subsidence of the continuous beam in thenegative moment of support among value decreases, and cross the value an
16、d bearings (bending moment in the negative moment value increase. 2.3 lateral be reinforced concrete structure design of the control indexDifferent with lower houses, structure lateral has become small highrise residential reinforced concrete structure design of the key factors. As the height increa
17、ses, horizontal load of the structure under lateral deformation increased rapidly, the structure of the vertex lateral general and housing height (H) is directly proportional to the four times. In the design of residential building, requires not only structure have the enough strength, but also have
18、 enough of lateral stiffness, make the structure in the horizontal load produced under the lateral control to a certain extent. This is because too much:(1) the lateral can make people uncomfortable, affect the normal use. (2) the big lateral will make partition, hatch and their senior wall facing m
19、aterial crack or damage, also can make the elevator to track deformation will not work. (3) the lateral too because P a train effect make structure to generate additional internal force, evenfor lateral and additional internal forces of the cycle of led to the collapse of the building. 2.4 structure
20、 ductility is reinforced concrete structure design is an important index of relativeTo the lower houses is concerned, residential building some more soft, the role of the deformation of a few. In order to make the structure in after the inelastic phase still has strong ability of deformation, avoid
21、collapsed, the special needs in the tectonic take appropriate measures, to ensure that the ductility of the structure is enough. 3 small highrise residential steel reinforced concrete frame structure design strategy 3.1 design optimization method At present, in the optimal design of the mature witho
22、ut analysis software, are mainly used small highrise residential structure analysis software, the artificial analysis, using the conceptual design of the adjustment method for different selection of the structure and layout of constantly scheme analysis comparison, to get more ideal structure scheme
23、, this is in the structural design of the most commonly used is also the most simple optimization, or optimization method. With the method of conceptual design scheme is more reasonable income, economic, although its FeiGong timeconsuming, the quality of personnel to design the demandis higher, but
24、the design personnel experience on artificial optimization method is still the widespread use of the main method. For the same small highrise residential program, can have many different structure (including foundation) arrange plan; Determine the structure arrangement in the residential building th
25、ings, even in the same load cases are also different analysis methods; In the course of analysis design parameters, materials, load value is not the only; Residential building things the processing of the details of the same, and so on, is the problem the computer is now cant fully resolved, all nee
26、d to design personnel your own judgement. And judgment in the structural design of the only under the guidance of general rules, according to engineering practice experience, this is the above concept design. Therefore, concept design exists in designer to DuoZhong alternative plan selection process
27、. 3.2 performance analysis 3.2.1 seismic performance analysisTo the structure system that enough the bearing capacity and deformation ability is two also need to meet conditions. Combined with the idea of design concept, the above two kinds of structural system analysis, the computer program can use
28、 Chinese construction science research institute of space structure of the finite element analysis software SATWE. In the structure design, structure has required not only enough carrying capacity, also requires the appropriate stiffness. The use of the highlevel structure, functional and safety and
29、 the size of the lateral too closely related, the lateral deformation will make partition wall, maintenance and facing material crack or damage. According to consider the structures were 5% accidental eccentric and twoway earthquake force calculated the adverse circumstances of each structure system
30、 of displacements Angle, shear wall structure frame structure, but less than cut are less than standard requirement, and rich in large quantities, this means that two structure system to meet the rigidity requirement. But use of performance, shear wall structure due to too much, since the Great Wall
31、 structure, leading to a large earthquake effect, concrete and steel consumption is higher; It also increases the foundation engineering investment, and limit the use of flexible architecture. And a framework of the shear wall structure characteristic is flat surfaces, strong applicability and flexi
32、ble, reasonable structure, can make the frame,shear wall two have different deformation performance resist lateral forcestructure is very good cooperative play a role. In a horizontal load, has a pure framework and pureshear wall structure is more beneficial level deformation. By the use of flexible
33、 framework free space, easy to meet different requirements of building function; At the same time shear wall has the quite big fight lateral stiffness, so that the box a cut structure has a good aseismic capacity, also greatly reduces the structure of the lateral. 3.2.2 economical comparisonWe throu
34、gh the three reinforced concrete residential structure calculation, and found that direct fee three reinforced concrete structure housing unit area are not directly fee, among them many short shear wall structure unit area of direct fee, a maximum frame shear wall structure unit area of the minimum,
35、 including direct fee short shear wall structure of the unit area than a direct fee frame shear wall structure of the unit of area, 12.5% higher than the direct fee, large bay multiribbed slab frame shear wall structure unit area of direct fee is 7.3% higher, large bay multiribbed slab frame shear w
36、all structure of the unit area than a direct fee frame shear wall structure unit area of direct fee by more than 4.9%. Three kinds of reinforced concrete residential structure of the project cost the same basic secondary. Cost per unit area a framework of the minimum shear wall structure, a framewor
37、k of the shear wall structure is the second smallest, and short shear wall structure is larger, three little direct fee structure system varies by largest 45 yuan/m2 yuan. 4 the end With the development of our national economy and the peoples living standard, the user to further improve the function
38、 of the house to put forward higher requirement, people want to a building in the use process have more flexibility to adapt to the demand of multifunction transformation. Therefore, the development of design unit to the unit design intent, “should be safe for economic and beautiful, the principle f
39、or the society more design better products.汉语译文 小高层住宅钢筋混凝土框架结构设计方法关键词：小高层住宅 钢筋混凝土 框架结构 摘要：随着社会的经济的富裕，我国小高层建筑发展迅速。设计思想也在不断更新。结构体系不断多样化。小高层钢筋混凝土框架结构越来越广泛应用于建筑中，小高层钢筋混凝土框架结构设计有着光明的应用前景。但在我国，尚未形成相应的规范，还需要进行大量的研究工作。 1. 小高层钢筋混凝土结构的住宅的基本结构形式 1.1 框架结构 框架结构的特点是开间大、灵活性好、抗震性能较好，造价较低，但由于柱截面大于隔墙厚度而造成柱角外凸，影响家具的布置
40、和美观，有时由于住宅中房间分隔的不规则性又造成柱网的难以布置。 1.2 框架一剪力墙结构 在框架结构中布置一定数量的剪力墙就组成了框架一剪力墙结构。它是小高层住宅中应用比较广泛的一种主体结构型式。其特点是平面灵活，适用性强，结构合理，能使框架、剪力墙两种有不同变形性能的抗侧力结构很好地协同发挥作用。 1.3 大开间剪力墙结构 随着时代的发展和人们生活水平的提高，原来建造的小开间剪力墙体系住宅在建筑功能上的局限性变得日益明显。从强度方面看，小开间结构中墙体的作用不能得到充分的发挥，并且过多的剪力墙布置还会导致较大的地震力，增加工程费用，另外，由于结构自重较大，也增加了基础的投资，因此，大开间剪力
41、墙应运而生。承重墙的开间达到4.5m7.5m，进深达到 7.5m1lm，室内一般无承重的横墙和纵墙，可以按照住户的不同要求灵活分隔，随着家庭的变化还可重新布置。 1.4 短肢剪力墙结构 短肢剪力墙（墙肢截面高度与厚度之比为 58 的剪力墙）介乎于异形框架柱和一般剪力墙之间，由于这种结构体系在建筑功能、结构形式、投资效益、节能指标等多方面效果良好，己成小高层住宅的主要结构形式。 2. 小高层住宅钢筋混凝土结构设计的要点 2.1 水平荷载逐渐成为钢筋混凝土结构设计的控制因素 在低层住宅中，往往是以重力为代表的竖向荷载控制着钢筋混凝土结构设计;而在小高层住宅中，尽管竖向荷载仍对钢筋混凝土结构设计产生
42、着重要影响，但水平荷载将成为控制因素。对某一特定建筑来说，竖向荷载大体上是定值;而作为水平荷载的风荷载和地震作用，其数值是随动力特性的不同而有较大幅度的变化。 2.2 轴向变形不容忽视 对于采用框架体系或框架一剪力墙体系的小高层住宅，框架中柱的轴压应力往往大于边柱的轴压应力，这就使得中柱的轴向压缩变形大于边柱的轴向压缩变形。当房屋很高时，此种差异轴向变形将会达到很大的数值，其后果相当于连续梁中间支座产生沉陷，使连续梁中间支座处的负弯矩值减小，跨中正弯矩值和端支座负弯矩值增大。 2.3 侧移成为钢筋混凝土结构设计的控制指标 与低层住宅不同，结构侧移己成为小高层住宅钢筋混凝土结构设计的关键因素。随
43、着房屋高度的增加，水平荷载下结构的侧移变形迅速增大，结构的顶点侧移一般与房屋高度H 的四次方成正比。在设计小高层住宅时，不仅要求结构具有足够的强度，而且还要有足够的抗侧移刚度，使结构在水平荷载下产生的侧移控制在一定的范围内。这是因为: 过大的侧移会使人不舒服，影响房屋的正常使用。过大的侧移会使隔墙、围护墙以及它们的高级饰面材料出现裂缝或损坏，也会使电梯轨道变形而导致不能正常运行。过大的侧移会因 P 一效应使结构产生附加内力，甚至因侧移与附加内力的恶性循环导致建筑物的倒塌。 2.4 结构延性是钢筋混凝土结构设计的重要指标 相对于低层住宅而言，小高层住宅更柔一些，地震作用下的变形就更大一些。为了使
44、结构在进入塑性阶段后仍具有较强的变形能力，避免倒塌，特别需要在构造上采取恰当的措施，来保证结构具有足够的延性。 3. 小高层住宅钢筋混凝土框架结构设计策略 3.1 优化设计的方法 当前，在无成熟的优化设计分析软件的情况下，主要是应用小高层住宅结构分析软件，采用人工分析进行调整，运用概念设计的方法对不同的结构选型和布置不断的进行方案分析比较，以获得比较理想的结构方案，这是在结构设计中最常用的也是最简单的优选或者说是优化方法。用概念设计的方法所得的方案是较合理、经济的，虽其费工费时、对设计人员的素质要求较高，但这种依靠设计人员经验进行人工优化的方法仍是当前所普遍采用的主要方法。对于同一小高层住宅方
45、案，可以有许多不同的结构(包括基础) 布置方案; 确定了结构布置的小高层住宅物，即使在同种荷载情况下也存在不同的分析方法;分析过程中设计参数、材料、荷载的取值也不是唯一的;小高层住宅物细部的处理更是不尽相同等等，这些问题目前计算机是无法完全解决的，都需要设计人员自己做出判断。而判断只能在结构设计的一般规律指导下，根据工程实践经验进行，这便是前面所说的概念设计。因此，概念设计存在于设计师对多种备选方案进行选择的过程中。 3.2 性能分析 3.2.1 抗震性能分析 对结构体系来说足够的承载能力和变形能力是两个同时需要满足的条件。结合概念设计的理念，对上述两种结构体系进行对比分析，电算程序可以采用中
46、国建筑科学研究院编制的结构空间有限元分析软件 SATWE。在结构设计中，不仅要求结构具有足够的承载能力，还要求其有适当的刚度。高层结构的使用功能和安全与其侧移的大小密切相关，过大的侧向变形会使隔墙、维护墙及其饰面材料出现裂缝或损坏。结构分别按考虑 5%的偶然偏心和双向地震力作用的不利情况计算出各结构体系层间位移角，剪力墙结构小于框剪结构，但均小于规范要求，且富裕量较大，说明两种结构体系满足刚度要求。 但就使用性能方面，剪力墙结构由于墙体太多，结构自重大，导致了较大的地震作用，混凝土和钢材用量也较高;同时也增加了基础工程的投资，而且限制了建筑上的灵活使用。而框架一剪力墙结构的特点是平面使用灵活，
47、适用性强，结构合理，能使框架、剪力墙两种有着不同变形性能的抗侧力结构很好地协同发挥作用。在水平荷载作用下，具有较纯框架和纯剪力墙结构更为有利的水平变形曲线。由框架构成自由灵活的使用空间，容易满足不同建筑功能的要求;同时剪力墙具有相当大的抗侧移刚度，从而使框一剪结构具有较好的抗震能力，也大大减少了结构的侧移。3.2.2 经济性比较 我们通过对三种钢筋混凝土住宅结构直接费的计算，发现三种钢筋混凝土住宅结构单位面积直接费相差不是很多，其中短肢剪力墙结构的单位面积直接费最大，框架一剪力墙结构的单位面积直接费最小，其中短肢剪力墙结构的单位面积直接费比框架一剪力墙结构的单位面积直接费高出 12.5%，比大
48、开间剪力墙结构的单位面积直接费高出 7.3%，大开间剪力墙结构的单位面积直接费比框架一剪力墙结构的单位面积直接费高出 4.9%。三种钢筋混凝土住宅结构的次要项目造价基本相同。单位面积造价框架一剪力墙结构的最小，框架一剪力墙结构的次之，短肢剪力墙结构的稍微较大，三种结构体系直接费最大相差不到 45元/m2 元。 4. 结语 随着我国经济的发展，人民生活水平进一步提高，用户对住宅的功能提出更高的要求，人们希望建筑物在使用过程中具有更大的灵活性，能够适应多功能变换的需求。因此，设计单位在拿到开发单位的设计意图后，应本着经济美观，安全适用的原则多为社会设计出更好的产品。五分钟搞定5000字毕业论文外文
49、翻译，你想要的工具都在这里!在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节，许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献，借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文文献的机会比较多，慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器：Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸（完整版本）和 CNKI“翻译助手“。具体操作过程如下：1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能，然后阅读文献；2.遇到无法理解的长句时，可以交给 Google 处理，处理后的结果猛一看，不堪入目，可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了；3.如果通过 Google 仍然无法理解，感觉就是不同，那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词 ”理解有误，因为某些单词看似很简单，但是在文献中有特殊的意思，这时就可以通过 CNKI 的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思，由于 CNKI 的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献，所以它的吻合率很高。另外，在翻译过程中最好以“段落” 或者 “长句”作为翻译的基本单位，这样才不会造成“ 只见树木，不见森林 ”的误导。四大工具：1、Google 翻译： htt
