1、2008 非谓语动词精讲一、动名词1 形式同现在分词，有四种。2 动名词的基本用法：1）作主语：Seeing is believing. Talking is easier than doing. It isnt necessary explaining to him. Its no use waiting here. Fighting br oke out between the South and the North.南方与北方开战了。2) 作表语：My hobby（爱好）is collecting stamps . His job is washing and cooking.3) 作宾
2、语：When he came in,we all stopped talking . He has given up smoking. We often do our cleaning on Saturday afternoon. Are you fond of dancing?The boy isnt worth teaching. 作宾语的动名词情况如下： a. 动词后加动名词 doing 作宾语 V. + doing sthadmit 承认 appreciate 感激,赞赏 avoid 避免 complete 完成 consider 认为 delay 耽误 deny 否认 detest
3、讨厌 endure 忍受 enjoy 喜欢 escape 逃脱 prevent 阻止 fancy 想象 finish 完成 imagine 想象 mind 介意 miss 想念 postpone 推迟 practise 训练 recall 回忆 resent 讨厌 resist 抵抗 resume 继续 risk 冒险 suggest 建议 face 面对 include 包括 stand 忍受 understand 理解 forgive 宽恕 keep 继续举例：(1) Would you mind turning down your radio a little, please? (2)
4、The squirrel was lucky that it just missed being caught. b. 词组后接 doing ： admit to 承认 preferto be used to 习惯 lead to 导致 next to 几乎 devote oneself to 致力于 pay attention to 注意 turn to 求助于 stick to 坚持 get down to 开始做 amount to 等于 look forward to 期待 object to 反对 say yes / no to 同意/拒绝 be opposed to 反对 (to
5、为介词）c. 其它的短语与句型中：Its worth, Its no use /good have fun / trouble / a good time (in) doingbe busy cant help, as well as set about give up burst out put off keep on insist on tired of 4) 作定语：This is her fathers walking stick.3 动名词的复合结构形式：his/him working there, Wang Dongs/Wang Dong working there 语法功能：1）
6、 作主语：Your smoking too much will do harm to your health. 动名词的复合结构在句首作主语时，只能用 sbs 的形式，此句中的 Your 不可改为 You。2） 作宾语：I dont like his/him staying with us.3） 作表语：My joy is his winning the tabletennis game.（his 不能改为him）4 动名词的完成式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作为一种时间要领不强的或泛指的动作，或是与句中谓语同时发生。或在谓语之后发生的动作。如果动名词的动作发生在谓语动作之前，则要用完成式。例如
7、：We were praised for having completed our task ahead of time.在 remember, forget, regret, excuse, apologize 等动词之后，某些介词后，或某些习惯用语中，用动名词的一般式就可以表示完成式的概念。例如：I remember him some money before.He forgot me that. /After finishing his homework, hewent out for a walk.5 动名词的被动式如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示动作的承受者，这个动名词就要用被动式
8、。例如：The problem is far from being settled.动名词的完成被动式往往用一般被动式来代替，以免句子显得累赘。例如：I still remember being invited（代替 having been invited）by a famous artist when I was in Shanghai. need, require, want 等后接动名词的主动式表示被动意义。He deserved hanging.to be hanged. 他罪该万死。6 动名词与不定式作主语、宾语的用法比较作主语：(1)多数情况两者可以互换。例如：Seeing is
9、believing.To see is to believe.Talking is easy and doing is difficult.To talk is easy and to do is difficult.(2)如果表示一种具体、短期的行为，或表示将来的行为，宜用不定式。例如：It took him two hours to finish the work.To be a scientist is his desire（愿望）.(3)如果表示一种经常性、习惯性的行为，一般用动名词。例如：Getting up early is a good habit.作宾语：(1) 有些动词跟不定
10、式、动名词作宾语皆可，意义也差不多，主要有：begin, start,lendinglendigghaving lentpromisinghaving promisedcontinue, love, prefer 等。(2) 有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，主要有：wish, hope, expect, demand, refuse, decide.(3) 有些动词后只能跟动名词作宾语,如: allow, advise, encourage, forbid, permit, recommend 等，但如果后面有名词或代词做宾语时，则应用不定式作宾语补足语。We dont allow smoking
11、 here.students to smoke here.(4) 有些动词后跟不定式、动名词意义有明显差别，主要有：forget, remember, regret, stop, mean, try, want, need, require, go on A. forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事forget having done sth.forget to have done sth.B. remember to do sth. 记住要做某事 remember doing sth.记住做过某事C. regret to do sth
12、. 遗憾（要）做某事 regret doing sth. 懊悔做了某事D. stop to do sth. 停下（原事）去做某事（不定式作目的状语）stop doing sth. 停止做某事E. mean to do sth. 决意打算做某事 mean doing sth. 意味表明做某事F. try to do sth. 努力设法去做某事try doing sth. 试图尝试用某一方法做某事G. want/need/require to do sth. 要想做某事want/need/require dong. 需要想要被H. go on to do sth. 继续做不同的事 go on do
13、ing sth. 继续做相同的事二、现在分词的基本用法：1） 、一般主动式用法：A作定语： 单独作定语，应放在被修饰的名词之前，如：touching story / leading cadres / shining example / coming week / skilled worker / armed forces / boiled water / steamed breadBarking dogs seldom bite.Soon our respected and beloved leaders entered the banquet hall.注：分词作定语时，意义上接近于一个定语
14、从句，如：developing countries = countries that are developinga growing city = a city that is growingliberated areas = areas that have been liberated 在更多情况下，可以用分词短语作定语，这时分词短语应放在被修饰的名词之后，在意义上也相当于一个定语从句，如：Who is the man standing (= that is standing) by the door?They built a highway leading (= which leads)
15、into the mountains.They are problems left (= which have been left) over by history.Have you read any short stories written by Lu Xun? 作定语的现在分词所表示的动作发生的时间有两种情况：a. 表示正在进行的动作, (变为从句时要用进行时态), 如：Tell the children playing there (who are playing there) not to make so much noise.Did you see the man talking
16、(who was talking) to the manager?b. 表示经常性的动作, 或现在 (或当时) 的状态, (变为从句时, 用一般时态), 如：They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south.The house standing (= that stands) at the corner of the street was built in 1955. 如果所表示的动作现刻正在发生，或是与谓语所表示的动作同时发生，可以用现在分词的被动形式来表示，如：The meeting being held is very import
17、ant.We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here.4） 、分词还可以作非限制性定语（相当于一个非限制性定语从句） ，这时，它和句子的其他部分用逗号隔开，试比较：All my brothers living in Shanghai are scientists.All my brothers, living in Shanghai, are scientists.All the letters in the drawer written in pencil are from my sister.All the letters
18、 in the drawer, written in pencil, are from my sister.5） 本节值得注意的问题：现在分词短语作定语时，所表示的动作不能先于谓语所表示的动作，也不可以表示将来。另外，一般不用现在分词的完成式作定语，所以，下列句子都是错的：Here is Mr. Li coming from Beijing. (应改为 who has come from Beijing)Those having finished their work can go home now. (应改为 who have finished)The man giving us a lec
19、ture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (应改为 who gave us)6） 、 系动词的现在分词形式不可用作后置定语，此时要用从句来表示，如：Those being busy dont have to go. (应改为 Those who are busy dont have to go.)His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (应改为 who is) 7） 、 不及物动词的过去分词不可用作后置定语，若要表示这个意思要用从句，如：The lion died in this zoo th
20、e other day was a mother lion. (应改为which/that died) B作表语：The story sounds very interesting./The news is very exciting.C作宾补：学用于 see, watch, hear, feel, find, have, keep 等动词之后。例如：We can see steam rising from the wet clothes. /I saw Tom coming out of the house. /Dont keep the students doing homework al
21、l day.注：上述动词后跟不定式作宾补表示动作的过程，而不是正在进行中的动作，而现在分词作宾补则表示正在进行中的动作。例如：I heard them singing in the room when I passed it.(singing 不可改为 sing) Do you often hear them sing in the room ?(sing 不可改为 singing) have sb. do sth. 与 have sb. doing sth. 的区别：前者 havelet, 后者have 有时表“keep”意，有时表“employ（雇用） ”意。如：Ill have him
22、go with me.我将让他和我一块去。I ll have him working in my company.我将雇用他在我的公司里工作。Dont have the machine working all day .不要让机器整天工作。D作状语：时间状语：现在分词作时间状语（相当于 when 引导的从句） ，如：Turning around, she saw a police car driving up.Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.Seeing those pictures, he couldnt help thinking of
23、 those days in Yanan. 注： 这里分词表示的是一个极短暂的动作，这动作一发生，谓语动词所表示的动作立即发生。这类分词一般放在句首。如果两个动作是完全同时发生的，多用 when 或 while + 分词这种结构，如：Be careful when crossing the street.Dont mention this while talking to him.注： 如果要强调谓语动词的动作发生时，分词的动作已经完成，这个分词要用完成形式，如：Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work.Having
24、heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction原因状语：Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note.Not knowing her address, we couldnt get in touch with her.Being so poor in those days, we couldnt afford to send the boy to hospital.注：如果分词表示的动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，则要用完成形式，如：Having worked
25、 among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well.Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter.Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well.方式或伴随状语： 现在分词作状语，表示陪衬性的动作或伴随情况，如：The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily.They stood there for a
26、n hour watching the game.She sat at the desk reading a newspaper.注意：a. 分词表示的必须是主语的一个动作；b. 分词表示的动作和谓语表示的动作（或状态）是同时发生的；c. 分词表示的是比较次要的动作，对谓语表示的动作或状态加以说明；d. 大部分放在谓语之后；e. 分词有时可以与句子的其他部分用逗号隔开。 现在分词作状语，表示行为方式或手段（这类状语可以放在句首，也可以放在句末，有时还可以放在句中。其他参考上述 a-c） ，如：Following the guide, they started to climb.Working
27、this way, they greatly reduced the cost.Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities.4） 、现在分词作状语还可以表示结果、条件和让步，如：Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (结果)The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (结果)Working hard, you will succeed. (条件)Turning to the left, yo
28、u will find the path leading to the site. (条件)Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (让步2）完成主动式用法：这种分词所表示的动作发生在句中谓语动词所表示的动作之前，一般在句中作时间或原因状语用，不能作定语用。例如：Having finished her homework, she went to bed. /Not having received his letter, she wrote to him again.3）一般被动式用法：表示正在发生的被
29、动动作，在句中作定语或状语。在表示一个被动的动作时，如果这个动作是现刻正在进行的，或是与谓语表示的动作同时发生的，就可以用现在分词的被动形式。这种形式可以作定语、状语或构成复合宾语，如： a. That building being repaired is our library. （定语）b. He asked who was the man being operated on. （定语）c. Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere. （宾语补足语）d, As we entered the village, we saw new hou
30、ses being built. （宾语补足语）e. Being asked to give a performance, she couldnt very well refuse.（状语）f. Being protected by a thick wall, they felt they were quite safe. （状语i. The car being repaired is mine.(The car which is being repaired is mine.) =Being repaired, the car cant be used.(As/Because it is b
31、eing repaired, the car cant be used.)4）完成被动式用法：表示发生在谓语动作之前的被动动作，在句中多作状语，不能作定语。例如：Having been praised a second time ,I decided to make still greater progress.三、使用现在分词的几个注意点：(1)作状语用的现在分词，其逻辑主语必须同句中主语为同一人或同一事，例如：Standing on top of the tall building, we could see the whole city.（正） (StandingWhen we stoo
32、d)Standing on top of the tall building, the whole city could be seen.（误）Having found the cause, they continued the experiment.（正） （Having foundAfter/When they had found）Having found the cause, the experiment continued.（误）(2)短暂动词（即瞬间动词）的现在分词被动式不可作宾补或定语。例如：He saw the old man knocked down by the car.(k
33、nocked down 不可改为being knocked down 或 having been knocked down)Do you like the dictionary bought by Zhang Ming?(bought 不可改为being bought 或 having been bought)现在分词被动式与过去分词用法的区别：现在分词被动式与过去分词都有被动意，但其用法是有区别的：(1)作宾语时，现在分词的一般被动式表示一个正在发生的被动动作，过去分词则表示一个已发生过的被动动作或没有时间性的状态。例如：Do you see the hospital there?你看见了那
34、边那个 医院吗？The continent connected with Asia at the Suez Canal is Africa.在苏伊士运河处与亚洲相连的洲是非洲。 （句中 connected 无时间性）(2)作原因状语，现在分词被动式与过去分词可以互换。例如：Being led( Led )by the Party, the Chinese people have won great victories.(3)作方式或伴随状语，不用现在分词被动式，而用过去分词。例如：The soldiers lay on the ground, covered with nothing.(4)作
35、时间状语，若动作先于句子的谓语动作，且有具体过去时间，不可用现在分词一般被动式或完成被动式。例如：Built in 1192 ,the bridge was very useful.如果没有具体过去时间状语，可用过去分词或现在分词完成被动式。例如：Discussed(Having been discussed)many times, the problem was settled at last.如果要强调分词状语的动作发生的时间在谓语动作之前，则宜用现在分词完成被动式，而不用过去分词。例如：Not having been invited, she had to stay at home.(5
36、)在 have, get 之后宜用过去分词作宾补，不用现在分词被动式或不定式被动式作宾补。例如：Ill have my hair cut.(cut 不能改为 being cut 或 be cut)He got his watch repaired.(repaired 不能改为 being repaired 或 to be repaired)(6)在 make, order, want, like, wish 等动词后，多用过去分词作宾补，少用现在分词被动式作宾补。例如The speaker couldnt make himself heard.(一般不说 being heard)He want
37、ed his house painted. (一般不说 being painted)8.心理状态动词的-ing 形式与-ed 形式所谓心理状态动词是指含有使动意，使人产生某种情感、心理变化的动词。如：surprise 使惊讶；interest 使感兴趣。它们的-ing 形式含主动意义，-ed 形式含被动意义。皆可视为形容词。例如：surprising 令人惊讶的，interesting 令人感兴趣的；surprised（因）感到惊讶的，interested（因）感到兴趣的。下面的句子可显示两者的区别：The film is so interesting that they are all in
38、terested in it.She was much surprised at the surprising news.being builtbuilt正在建造的建好的已学的心理状态动词有：astonish, bore(使厌烦),delight, disappoint,discourage, encourage, excite, frighten, interest, move(使感动)，please（使高兴）,puzzle（使迷惑）,satisfy（使满意）,surprise, shock, tire（使疲劳）,trouble, upset（使不安）,worry它们的-ing 形式多和物连
39、用，如：The news is pleasing/exciting./a boring report (一个令人厌烦的报告), a tiring walk（累人的步行） 。它们的-ed 形式多和人连用，如：an excited girl,/Im tired.但是也有-ing 形式和人连用，-ed 形式和物连用的现象。如：an inspiring leader一位有感召力的领袖，an amusing girl 一个讨人喜欢的女孩，a puzzled expression 一种迷惑不解的表情，She said in a frightened voice.她用受了惊吓的声音说着话。四、独立主格结构：当分词有它自己的独立主语（不同于句子主语的名词或代词）时，则是一种独立主格结构形式，在句中作状语、定语等。例如：The bell ringing, we all stopped talking.(When the bell rang, we all stopped talking.) /There being no bus, we had to walk home. (There was no bus ,so we had to walk home.)
