1、Gastric Carcinoma,胃癌,Introduction,Description 概述 Classification 分类 Causes 病因 Symptoms 症状 Pathlogical Changes 病变 Exams and Tests 临床检查 Treatment 治疗 Outlook(Prognosis) 预后 Prevention 预防,Gastric Cancer refers to cancer arising from any part of the stomach. Stomach cancer causes about 800,000 deaths world
2、wide per year. Gastric Carcinoma is the most common cause of death in malignant tumors of alimentary system in China.,Description- Definition,carcinomak:sinum n. 癌 malignantmlinnt adj. 恶性的 alimentarylimentri adj. 消化的,Location: mainly along the gastric lesser curvature side(80.3%), predominantly in t
3、he antrum (56.4%) A higher incidence in males than females with a ratio of 2:13:1. It usually appears in fourth and sixth decade of life. This form of gastric cancer is very common in Japan, Chile, and Iceland.,Description- Features,gastric lesser curvature(k:vt, -t ) side 胃小弯侧 predominantlyprdmnntl
4、 adv. 大部分，多半 Antrumntrm n.窦，腔，房 incidenceinsidns n.发病率,Stomach cancer world map - Death WHO(世界卫生组织)2004 Age-standardised death rates(年龄标准化死亡率) from Stomach cancer by country (per 100,000 inhabitants(居民).,Description- Features,Several different types of cancer can occur in the stomach. The most commo
5、n type is called adenocarcinoma, which starts from one of the common cell types found in the lining of the stomach.,Classification,adenocarcinomadinuk:sinum n.腺癌 the lining(衬里,内层) of the stomach:胃壁 Mesenchymalmesekiml adj. 间叶细胞的,间充质的,Adenocarcinoma of the stomach is a common cancer of the digestive
6、tract worldwide, The rate of most types of gastric adenocarcinoma has gone down over the years. Experts think the decrease may be because people are eating less salted, cured, and smoked foods.,Classification,Digestive tract：消化道 Salted：盐腌的 Cured：熟化的，熏制的 Smoked：烟熏过的,Causes,You are more likely to get
7、gastric cancer if you: Have a family history of gastric cancer Have an infection of the stomach by bacteria called Helicobacter pylori Had a polyp larger than 2 centimeters in your stomach,Bacteria:bktiri n. 细菌 Helicobacterhelikbkt 【医】缠绕杆菌属 pylori pail:rai n.幽门 - Helicobacter pylori:幽门螺杆菌 Polypplip
8、n.息肉,Have inflammation and swelling of the stomach for a long time (chronic atrophic gastritis) Have pernicious anemia Smoke,Causes,Inflammation:nflmen n. 医炎症 Swelling:swel n. 肿胀 chronic atrophictrfik gastritisgstrats :慢性萎缩性胃炎 perniciouspns anemiani:mi: :恶性贫血,Abdominal fullness(腹胀) or pain(疼痛), whic
9、h may occur after eat a small meal Dark stools(黑便) Difficulty swallowing(吞咽困难), which becomes worse over time Excessive belching(嗳气/打嗝儿过度) General decline in health(全身健康机能减退),Symptoms,Abdominal:bdmnl adj. 腹部的 Belch:belt v.打嗝，嗳气 Decline:diklain n.衰退 嗳 i:打嗝儿，胃里的气从嘴里出来，并发出声音。,Loss of appetite(食欲缺乏) Nau
10、sea(恶心) Vomiting, which may contain blood(呕血) Weakness or fatigue(疲劳) Weight loss(体重减轻),Symptoms,Appetite: pitait n.胃口，食欲 Nausea:n:zi:, -, -si:, - n. 作呕； 恶心； 反胃 Vomit:vmit vt.& vi. 呕吐 Fatigue:fti:g n. 疲劳,Early gastric cancer:早期胃癌 The cancer have not invaded the muscularis propria(肌层) and are therefo
11、re limited to the mucosa(黏膜层) and submucosa(黏膜下层). Advance gastric carcinoma:进展期胃癌 The cancer have invaded the muscularis propria or even further and beyond the mucosa and submucosa.,Pathlogical Changes,Invade:inveid vt.& vi. 侵入 Muscularis:mskjulris肌层 Mucosa:mju:kus n. 黏膜层 Propria:固有层,Protruded type
12、 (型 隆起型) Superficial type (型 表浅型) Superficial elevated type (a型 表浅隆起型) Superficial flat type (b型 表浅平坦型) Superficial depressed type (c型 表浅凹陷型) Excavated type (型 凹陷型),Pathlogical Changes,Protrude:prtru:d vt. 使突出 Superficial:sju:pfil adj. 表面（上）的 Excavate:ekskvet vt. 挖掘； 开凿,(1)息肉型或蕈伞型polypoid or fungati
13、ng type,(2)溃疡型 Ulcerative type,(3)浸润型 Infiltrating type,进展期胃癌大体类型,Pathlogical Changes,Polypoid:plipid息肉样 Fungating:fngeit 医真菌样生长 Ulcerative:lsrtiv adj. 溃疡（性）的 Infiltrating:nfltret v. （使）渗透,A suspicious stomach ulcer that was ultimately diagnosed as cancer on biopsy(baipsi 活检) and resected(ri(:)sekti
14、d 切除). The surgical specimen(spesimn 外科手术样本) was subsequently(sbsikwntli 随后，后来) kept for educational purposes.,Pathlogical Changes,Adenocarcinoma of the stomach (dinuk:sinum 腺癌) 隶属溃疡型进展期胃癌，伴有溃疡形成的胃癌有时需与消化性溃疡鉴别,Endoscopic(endskpik 内窥镜) image of linitis(linaitis胃蜂窝织炎) plastica(plstik 塑料的), a type of s
15、tomach cancer where the entire stomach is invaded, leading to a leather(le 皮革) bottle-like appearance with blood coming out of it.,Pathlogical Changes,Linitis plastica 革囊胃 隶属浸润型进展期胃癌,Diagnosis is often delayed(被推迟) because symptoms may not occur in the early stages of the disease(疾病早期阶段). Or, patien
16、ts may self-treat symptoms(自己治疗出现的一些症状) that gastric cancer has in common with other, less serious gastrointestinal disorders(相对不那么严重的胃肠道疾病) (bloating(胃气胀), heartburn(胃灼热), and a sense of fullness(腹胀感).,Exams and Tests,Gastrointestinalgstruintestnl disorders胃肠道病症 Bloatingblt胃气胀 Heartburnh:tb:n胃灼热,Th
17、e following tests can help diagnose gastric cancer: Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) with biopsy to examine the stomach tissue Stool test to check for blood in the stools,Exams and Tests,Complete blood count (CBC) to check for anemia:贫血时检查全血细胞计数 Esophag
18、oasfg /gastrogstr /duodenodju:udi:n /scopy (EGD):食道、胃、十二指肠镜检查 Stool test to check for blood in the stools:大便中带血时检查粪便,Surgery to remove the stomach (gastrectomy) is the only treatment that can cure the condition. Radiation therapy and chemotherapy may help. For many patients, chemotherapy and radiati
19、on therapy after surgery may improve the chance of a cure(提高治愈的可能性). For patients who cannot have surgery, chemotherapy or radiation can improve symptoms and may prolong survival(延长生存时间), but will likely not cure the cancer. For some patients, a surgical bypass procedure(外科旁路手术) may relieve symptoms
20、(减轻症状).,Treatment,Gastrectomy:strektmi 胃切除术 Radiationreidiein therapy:放疗 Chemotherapykemuerpi :化疗,The outlook varies(预后情况). Tumors in the lower stomach(胃下部的肿瘤) are cured more often than those in the higher stomach - gastric cardia(胃贲门) or gastroesophageal junction(食管胃连接). How far the tumor invades t
21、he stomach wall(肿瘤侵袭胃壁的程度) and whether lymph nodes(淋巴结) are involved(是否已发生淋巴道转移) when the patient is diagnosed affect the chances of a cure(影响治愈的可能性). When the tumor has spread outside the stomach(肿瘤已经扩散到胃外时), a cure is not possible(治愈已经不可能了) and the goal of treatment is to improve symptoms(使症状好转).,
22、Outlook(Prognosis),gastric cardiak:di 胃贲门 Gastroesophagealstruisfdi:l 食管胃的 lymphlmf nodesnudz 淋巴结,Mass screening programs(疾病普查程序) have been successful at detecting disease in the early stages(疾病早期探测) in Japan, where the risk of gastric cancer(胃癌带来的危害) is much higher than in the United States. The va
23、lue of screening(这种普查的价值) in the United States and other countries with lower rates of gastric cancer(美国以及胃癌发病率较低的其它国家) is not clear(尚不明确).,Prevention,The following may help reduce your risk of gastric cancer: Dont smoke Eat a healthy, balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables Take a medication to treat reflux disease, if you have it,Prevention,refluxri:flks disease:胃食管反流病（简称GERD）是指胃十二指肠内容物反流入食管引起的以烧心反酸为主要特征的临床综合征,The End,Thank you!,
