1、指代、结构衔接及词汇衔接在语篇翻译中的作用语文学刊(高教? 外文版)2007 年第 10 期ApplicationsofReference,StructuralCohesionandLexicalCob“inTextualTranslatkollesionnslationlloLiuZhuoyuan,XieHang,YangDanyu(InstituteofLanguages,InnerMongoliaUniversityofTechnology,Hohhot,InnerMongolia,China010051)【AbstractJTranslationisanewsubjectwhichne
2、edstodrawontheachievementsandtheoriesofotherrelatedsub.jectsinordertodevelopandconstructitsownmethods.Withanintensivestudyoftranslation.itrelatestothewordsaroundandtotextuallevels.Intexturaltranslation,cohesionistheessentialtiewhichcombinesthewholetext.Inthispaper.theauthoraimstoanalyzetranslationex
3、amplesfromChinesetoEnglishintheperspectiveoffunctionalsyntaxwiththeemphasisonitstextualcohesion,andtotrytofindoutsomecohesivedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishconcerningthisaspectandthereasonsbehind.Keywordstranslation;texturaltranslation;cohesi0n;reference;structuralc0hesi0n;lexica1c0hesi0n【中图分类号H
4、085.3【文献标识码A【文章编号】1672.8610(2007)10-0109-03I.IntroductionTranslationistheabstractconceptwhichencompassesboththeprocessoftranslatingandtheproductofthatprocess(Baker,2000:21).Andtexturaltranslationisthetranslationoperationwiththecriterionoftext(LiYunxing,2001).Forthisreason,settinguptexturalconsciousn
5、essisveryimportantintheoriesandpracticeoftranslation.ForHallidayandHasan.theorganizationoftextismadeupinlargepartofrelation-shipsamongstitemsinthepart,somesemanticandsomegrammatical,whichtheyrefertoascohesionties.Therefore.cohesionisoneoftheimportantelementsofcontributingtext.II.CohesionTherearemany
6、definitionsofcohesion.Cohesionreferstothelinguisticdevicesbywhichthespeakercansignaltheexperientialandinterpersonalcoherenceofthetext,andisthusatextua1phenomenonfGeoffThompson,2000:147).Cohesionisthenetworkoflexical,grammaticalandotherrelations,whichprovidelinksbetweenvariouspartsofatext(Baker.2000:
7、180).Thisrelationsortiesorganizeandtosomeextentcreateatext.Thetopicofcohesionhasalwaysappearedtothemostusefulconstituentofdiscourseana1.ysisortextlinguisticsapplicabletotranslation(LiYunxing,2001:133).IH.ApplicationsofcohesionHall/dayandHasanidentifyfivemaincohesivedevisesinEnglish:reference,substit
8、ution,ellipsis,conjunctionandlexicalcohesion.Inthellowingpart,1wouldliketoanalyzemanytranslationexamplesfromChinesetoEnglishinthereference.thestructuralco.hesionandthelexicalcohesion.3.1RererenceReferenceisthesetofgrammaticalrecourses.whichallowthespeakertoindicatewhethersomethingisbeingrepeatedfrom
9、somewhereelseinthetext(Thompson,2000:148).InHallidayandHasan,smodelofcohesion.referenceisusedinasimilarbutmorerestrictedway.Insteadofdenotingadirectrela.tionshipbetweenwordsandextra-linguisticobjects,referenceis1imitedtotherelationshipofidentifywhichexistsbetweentwolinguisticexpressions.Accordingtot
10、hescopeofreference,itcanbedividedintoexophoricreferencewhichlinksthelanguagetotheexternalcon.text,andendophoricreferencewhichsignalshowthemessagefitsspecificallyintoitstextualcontext(Thomp.作者简介】刘卓媛,女,内蒙古工业大学外国语学院助教; 颉颃,内蒙古工业大学外语学院讲师;杨丹宇,内蒙古工业大学外语学院副教授.109TRANSLATIONLiuZhuoyuan,XieHang,angDanyu/Appli
11、cationsofReference,StructuralCohesionandLexicalCohesioninTextualTranslationson,2000:149).Onthebasisofreferencedevices,itincludespersonalpronouns,demonstratives(this,that,these,those,here,there,now,then)andcomparative(same,more,identically,similarly,less).Forinstance:A:苹果在那里?Whereaietheapples?B:在那边.O
12、verthere.Analysis:althoughitdoesnotappearwhatkindsofapplesthat“A“needsinChinese.“苹果“istherhymeandtopic,andoccursincommonunderstandingbetweenAandB.Thus,“the“inEnglishtranslatedtextmustbeusedtoindicatethedefinitudeofreferencemeaning.Somecomparativew.ordsbetweenChineseandEnglishalsocancreatethecomparat
13、ivepartsandformalanaphorasemanticcohesion.Forinstance:人到了老年,会有一种似乎奇怪又不奇怪的现象;即发生在昨天的事,倒会忘得一千二净;而几十年前对自己印象极深的事情却像是昨天刚发生一样,记得一清二楚.我对于我的中学老师胡纯浦生的怀念,塾星这样.Whenyouaregettingoninyears,youtendtohaveafeclingthatseemsratheroddbutinfact,notverymuchso:whathappenedtoyoujustacoupleofdaysago,youcleanforgetaboutit,b
14、utwhathappenedaslongasdecadesearlierwithsharpimpactinyou,yourememberasclearlyasifithadoccurredyester-day.ThisishowIfeelaboutMr.HuChunpu.mymiddleschoolfireartteacher.(钟灵 胡二茄子,刘士聪译)Analysis:“就是这样 “refersto“几十年前一清二楚“intheformerpart.Accordingtotheseexampleswecanseethatrefer.enceOCCUrs.whenthereaderhasto
15、retrievetheidentifyofwhatisbeingtalkedaboutbyreferringtoanotherexpressingintheimmediatecontext.Soreferenceisadevisethatallowsthereaderorhearertotraceparticipants,entitiesandeventsinatext.3.2Structuralcohesion.Structuralcohesionreferstothecohesionofinfor.marionstructure.Itcanbeachievedbyrhymethemestr
16、ucture,substitution,ellipsis,antithesis,parallelism,repetitionandsoon.Firstly,ellipsisisthepatternedomissionofsomeinformationfromadiscourse,andreferstobyHallidayas“substitutionbyzero“.Ellipsismaygiveprominencetonewinformation,andallellipsisinthefollowingexamplesarelistedinthebrackets.Forinstance:我想买
17、一套家具.一买大连出的(家具) 吧!1wanttobuyasetoffurniture.Butone(setoffurniture)madeinDaLian你决定毕业以后去西藏工作吗?当然!(我决定毕业后去西藏工作.)HaveyoumadeupyourmindtoworkinTibetaf-tergraduation?一Sure!(IvemadeupmymindtoworkinTibetaftergraduation.)Secondly,thesubstitutionisusedwhereaspeakerorawriterwishestoavoidtherepetitionofalexical
18、i-ternandiSabletodrawononeofthegrammaticalre.sourcesofthelanguagetoreplacetheitem.Itcannotonlymakesentencessimplyandclearly,butalsocohesively.Forinstance:谁愿意和我们一起打篮球?我不干.Wholiketoplaybasketballwithus?No.1wont.我能看那条围巾吗?可以.那一条? 红的还是黑的 ?MayIhavealookatthatscarf?Yes.whichone?Theredoneortheblackone?Third
19、ly,asfarastheantithesisisconcerned.itreferstotheexactoppositeofsomething.Forinstance:(a)虚心使人进步,(b)骄傲使人落后.(a)Modestyhelpsonetogoforward,(b)whereasconceitmakesonelagbehind.Analysis:inthisexample,wecanseethatthesetwosentencesareconsistedofthesubject,thepredictiveandtheobject.Thenumbersofwordsarethesame
20、betweensentence(a)andsentence(b),whilethemeaningisverycontrast.TheEnglishtranslatedtextisveryequaltotheoriginaltext,butthereisaword“whereas“whichmaystressoncontrastofsentenceandthefeatureofhypotaxisinEnglish.Finally,therepetitioncanalsogetafantasticresuitinthestructurecohesion.Forinstance:我们自由呀!我们自由
21、呀!一切的一,自由呀!一的一切,自由呀!自由便是你,自由便是我!自由便是“他 “,自由便是火 !Wearefree!Wearefree!TheonethatiSallisfree!Thealltllatisoneisfree!Freedomisyou,freedomisme!Freedomis“he“,freedomisfire!(郭沫若凤凰涅榘,李定坤译)Analysis:inthisexample,therearealotofrepetitionsofwordsexceptfortherepetitionsofsentences.语文学刊(高教? 外文版)2007 年第 10 期Morer
22、epetitionsof“自由“stressthatpoetiseagertoachievefreedom.3.3LexicalcohesionLexicalcohesionreferstothecohesiveeffortoftheuseoflexicalitemsindiscoursewherethechoiceofaniternrelatestothechoicesthathavegonebefore(ThomasBloorandMerielBloor,2001:100).Itin.cludestwopartsthatarerepetitionandcollocation.Forinst
23、ance:普之人领我穿着茶花走,指点着告诉我这是大玛瑙,那叫雪狮子,这是蝶翅,那是大耀,名目花色多得很.后来他攀着一枝茶树的小于枝说:“这叫童子面,花期迟,刚打着朵,开起来颜色深红,倒是最好看.“Takingmethroughthegrovesofcamellias,PuZhirentoldmethenamesofdifferentvarieties:GiantAgate,ButterflyWing,GiantPurpleRobeandmanyothers.Then,takingholdofasmallbranchofaca.melliatree,hesaid,“thisisBabyFace.
24、Asitbloomslate,itsonlyjustinbud.Withdeepredblossoms,itsreallymostbeautiful“.(杨朔茶花赋,LiYuhua译)Analysis:inthisexample,“茶花“issuperordi?nate.andtheotherwordsunderlinedaresubordinate.Theyarebothinthesamesentencetoshowthebright.coloredandbeautifulsceneofteagarden.Further.more.thewriterusessimilarwordswith“
25、茶花“:“ 花期“,“达着朵“,“开起来颜色深红“and“最好看的“.whichmakessentencesmorecohesive.AsfarastheEnglishtranslatedtextisconcerned,translatorusestherelationshipbetweensuperordinateandsubordinatetoreappearthecohesionoforiginaltext.However,becausethefeatureofEnglishsentencestructureisthehypotaxis,sothatthetranslatoradds“i
26、t“asthesubjectandconjunctionalword“as“toguidetheadverbialclauseinordertoclarifylogicalre?lationshipbetween“花期迟“and“刚打着朵“.Be.sides.thetranslatoraddspreposition“withtodrawforthprepositionaladverbialmodifiertodenotethelogicalrelationshipbetween“开起来颜色深红“and“倒是最好看的“.(10)黄浦的夕潮不知怎的已经涨上了,现在沿着苏州河的两岸的各色船只都浮得高
27、高的,舱面比码头还高了约半尺.TheeveningtidefromtheWhangpoohadturnedimperceptibly,andnowtheassortmentofboatsalongbothsidesofthecreekwereridinghigh,theirdeckssomesixinchesabovethelanding.stages.(茅盾 子夜,许孟雄译)Analysis:“夕潮 “and“涨“,“船只 “and“浮“areallnaturalcollocationinChinese.“eveningtideand“turn“.“assortmentofboatsand“
28、ride“arethenatu.ralcollocationaswel1.“不知怎的 “relatesto“夕潮涨上“onsemantic,andemphasispeoplessensepercep?tion.IV.ConclusionAsiswellknown,ChineseandEnglishbelongtodifferentlanguagefamilies,anditisonlynaturalthattheymayposegreatdifficultiesandchallengesfortranslations.Hallidayevensaysthat“atextisbestre?gar
29、dedasasemanticunit:aunitnotofformbutofmeaning“(1976:2).Fromtheaboveanalysis,wehaveknownthecohesionoftheChinesetextdependsontheconcretethinkingprocessoftheauthorhimselfandpaysmoreattentiontoimpression;whiletheEng?lishtranslationiSoncohesioninfoFinbecauseofthestricthierarchyandcloselogicalrelationship
30、betweensentences.Therefore,theyarebothcohesionintheirownwaythoughthesametextisorganizedindifferentways.【References】1M.A.K.Halliday,AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammarM.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressEdwardArnold(publishers)Ltd,2000.2GrcoffThompson,IntroducingFunctionalGrammarM.ForeignLanguageT
31、eachingandResearchPressEdwardArnold(publishers)Ltd,2000.3ThomasBloorandMerielBloor,TheFunctionalAnalysisofEnglish:AHalliadayanApproachM.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPressEdwardArnoldfpublish?ers)Ltd,2001.4M.A.K.HallidayandR.Hasan,CohesioninEnglishM.LondonandNewyork:Lonman,1976.5MonaBaker,InOtherWords:ACoursebookonTranslationM.ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2000.6M.A.K.HMlidayandR.Hasan,CohesioninEnglishM.Singapore:PrintHouse(Pte)Ltd,1976.7李运兴.语篇翻引论 M.中国对外翻译出版公司,2001.8张德禄,刘汝山 .语篇连贯与衔接理论的发展及应用M.上海外语教育出版社,2003.
