1、Kanaidi, SE., M.Si kana_,Problem Solving,LEADERSHIP SKILL For SUPERVISOR (Advance) TrainingBandung, 17-18 Maret 2010,Scenario More employees are failing their jobs this year compared to last year. Who is to blame?,Managers Perspective?,Employees KNOW NOTHING! They are both LAZY and STUPID! What a pe
2、rfect combination to become an employable graduate!,Yeah! Blame it on us!,Problem Solving,3. Problem Solving Process,Problem Solving,4. Problem Solving Tools,What is Problem Solving?,2. Barriers to Effective Problem Solving,“Problems call forth our courage and our wisdom; indeed, they create our cou
3、rage and our wisdom. It is only because of problems that we grow mentally and spiritually.” - M. Scott Peck,What is Problem Solving?,1. What is Problem Solving?,Problem solving forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as high
4、er-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills (Goldstein & Levin, 1987). It occurs if an organism or an artificial intelligence system does not know how to proceed from a given state to a desired goal state. It is part of the larger problem
5、 process that includes problem finding and problem shaping.,Source: http:/en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving,Barriers to Effective Problem Solving,“He who asks a question may be a fool for five minutes, but he who never asks a question remains a fool forever.” - Tom Connelly,2. Barriers to Effect
6、ive Problem Solving,2. Barriers to Effective Problem Solving,Failure to recognize the problem Conceiving the problem too narrowly Making a hasty choice Failure to consider all consequences Failure to consider the feasibility of the solution,“Its not that Im so smart, its just that I stay with proble
7、ms longer.” - Albert Einstein,Problem Solving Process,Creative Problem Solving is not a destination It is a journey.,3. Problem Solving Process,Accepting the Problem,To solve a problem, you must first be willing to accept the problem by acknowledging that the problem exists and committing yourself t
8、o trying to solve it. Strategies to find the motivation and commitment to prepare you to enter the problem-solving process:List the benefits. how will solving the problem benefit you? Formalize your acceptance.- formal commitment to solve problem Accept responsibility for your life.- we have the pot
9、ential to control the direction of our lives Create a “worst-case” scenario.- what are potential disastrous consequences of your actions or inactions Identify whats holding you back.- what is preventing you from solving the problem?,Step 1: What is the Problem?,Step 1A: What do I know about the situ
10、ation?Step 1B: What results am I aiming for in this situation?Step 1C: How can I define the problem? View the problem from different perspectives.Identify component problems.State the problem clearly and specifically.,Step 2: What Are the Alternatives?,Step 2A: What are the boundaries of the problem
11、 situation?Step 2B: What alternatives are possible within these boundaries? Discuss the problem with other people.Brainstorm ideas.Change your location.,Step 3: What Are the Advantages and/or Disadvantages of Each Alternative?,Step 3A: What are the advantages of each alternative?Step 3B: What are th
12、e disadvantages of each alternative?Step 3C: What additional information do I need to evaluate each alternative?,Step 4: What Is the Solution?,Step 4A: Which alternative(s) will I pursue?Evaluate and compare alternatives.Combine alternatives.Try out each alternative in your imagination.Step 4B: What
13、 steps can I take to act on the alternative(s) chosen?,Step 5: How Well Is the Solution Working?,Step 5A: What is my evaluation?Compare the results with the goals.Get other perspectives.Step 5B: What adjustments are necessary?,Problem Solving Tools,“ Because Im thinking in a broader way, I feel like
14、 I am able to make better decisions.” - Takafumi Horie,Same tools that help rocket scientists, Disney, Pixar, gaming, marketing home of some of the most creative minds in the world use thinking tools why wouldnt you (why didnt I?),4. Problem Solving Tools,4. Problem Solving Tools,SWOT/TOWS Analysis
15、Pareto Analysis Paired Comparison Analysis Grid Analysis Decision Trees Force Field Analysis Six Thinking Hats Ishikawa Diagram Mind Mapping Porters 5 Forces Analysis Plus-Minus-Interesting (PMI) Cost/Benefit Analysis etc.,I can study these tools on my own.,6 Thinking Hats,Edward de Bono,“The six th
16、inking hats is a method for doing one sort of thinking at a time.”,6 Thinking Hats,6 Thinking Hats,Creative,Positive,Objective,Feelings,Negative,Process,Benefits of Using 6 Thinking Hats,Role-playing (Put the hat on, take the hat off, switch hats, and signal your thinking) Encourage creative, parall
17、el and lateral thinking Improve communication Speed up decision making Avoid debate Detaching the Ego Occasional Use (Single Hat) Sequence Use,White Hat - Objective,Facts, Figures, Data and InformationQuestions: What information do we have here? What information is missing? What information would we
18、 like to have? How are we going to get the information?,Red Hat Feelings,Feelings, Intuition, Emotions and Hunches No need to justify the feelings. How do I feel about this right now? Examples: My gut-feeling is that this will not work. I dont like the way this is being done. This proposal is terrib
19、le. My intuition tells me that prices will fall soon.,Black Hat - Negative,Caution, Difficulty, Judgment and Assessment Questions: Is this true? Will it work? What are the weaknesses? What is wrong with it?,Critical Thinking Hat,Yellow Hat - Positive,Benefits, Feasibility and OptimismQuestions: Why
20、is this worth doing? What are the benefits? Why can it be done? Why will it work?,Green Hat - Creative,Creative Ideas, Alternatives, Suggestions, and ProposalsQuestions: Are there any additional alternatives? Could we do this in a different way? Could there be another explanation? What are some poss
21、ible solutions and courses of action?,Creative Thinking Hat,Blue Hat - Process,Sums up what is learned. Organization of thinking. Thinking about the thinking process (Reflection). Examples: Set the agenda. Suggest the next steps. Ask for other hats. Ask for summaries, conclusions, and decisions.,Met
22、a-Cognition Hat,Sequence Use Seeking an Idea,Sequence Use Reacting to a Presented Idea,Sequence Use Short Sequences,Yellow/Black/Red: Quick assessment (idea) White/Green: Generate ideas Black/Green: Improve an existing idea Blue/Green: Summarize & suggest alternatives Blue/Yellow: Any benefits? (e.g. the idea) Etc “.Be open-minded and creative about the sequence use, too!”,
