1、6.介词(1)介词辨析A.表示时间的介词1in,on,at,over(1)in 表示在一段时间之内。通常时间较长,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。如:in the 1950s,in 1989,in summer,in January,in ones thirties,in the morning 等。(2)on 表示具体的某一天及其早、中、晚。如:on May 1st,on Monday,on a cold night in January, on a fine morning 等。(3)at 表示在一个时间点上。指某一时刻或较短暂的时间,也泛指圣诞节,复活节等
2、。如:at 3:20, at this time of year,at Christmas,at night,at this moment 等。(4)over 后面接一段时间,表示“超过”或“在期间”。如:David Crum, the CEO of Geldart Software, announced that the corporation would open three branches in Bangkok over the next several months.(5)在 last,next,this,that,some,every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:He went to
3、 Japan last year.We meet every day.2in,after(1)“in一段时间”表示将来的一段时间之后。如:My mother will come back in three or four days.(2)“after一段时间”表示过去的一段时间之后。如:He arrived after five months.(3)“after具体时间”表示将来或过去的某一时刻之后。如:She will appear after five oclock this afternoon.The rain began to fall after seven.3from,since,
4、for(1)from 后接具体时间,说明从什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久。如:I hope to do morning exercises from today.(2)since 后接具体过去时间,表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。如:We have not seen each other since 2010.(3)for 后接一段时间,通常与完成时连用。如:I have been in the army for 5 years.B.表地点的介词1at,in,on,to(1)at 表示在小地方或“在附近;在旁边”。如:He arrived at the statio
5、n at ten.He is sitting at the desk.(2)in 表示在大地方或“在范围之内”。如:He arrived in Shanghai yesterday.Shandong lies in the east of China.(3)on 表示毗邻或接壤。如:Russia lies on the north of China.(4)to 表示“在范围外”,不强调是否接壤。如:Japan is to the east of China.2above,over,on(1)above 意为“在上方”,只表示位置高于某物但不强调是否垂直,与 below 相对。如:The bir
6、d is flying above my head.(2)over 意为“在之上”,表示垂直高于,与 under 相对。over 强调与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。如:There is a bridge over the river.(3)on 意为“在之上”,表示在某物体上面 并与之接触。如:He put his watch on the desk.C.表示运动方向的介词1across,over,through(1)across 表示从物体表面穿过,与 on 有关。如:across the playground/square/desert/river(2)over 表示动作是在空中进行的。
7、如:He jumped over the wall.(3)through 表示从物体里面穿过,与 in 有关。也可表示时间,指“(从开始到结束)经历了”。如:through the pipe/forest/doorWe work hard all through the year.2in,into(1)in 通常表示静态,意为“在里面”。如:We walked in the park.我们在公园里走着。(2)into 通常表示动态,意为“进入到里面”。如:We walked into the park.我们走进了公园。D.表示原因的介词1for 表示原因时,常与 sorry,famous,pu
8、nish,praise,thank,blame 等词连用。如:I am sorry for what I said to you.2at 表示引起某种情感变化的原因,常与表示看、听或喜、怒、吃惊的词连用,意为“因听到或看到而”。如:He was surprised at the news.3from 常接抽象名词表示自然、间接或外在的原因,如受伤、车祸等。如:He died from the wound.4of 多用于表示自身或内在的原因,如病、饿等。如:The old man died of hunger.5with 指生理上或情感上由外界到内心的原因。如:Hearing the news,
9、 he jumped with joy.He was shaking with anger.6by 表示外部的,尤其是暴力的或无意中造成某种结果的原因。如:She took your umbrella by mistake.她错拿了你的雨伞。7over 一般用于 cry,weep,laugh 等带有感情色彩的动词后,表示所发生的事情的原因。如:She wept over the death of her daughter.We laughed over the victory.8because of 表示引起结果的直接原因。如:He retired last month because of
10、his illness.9thanks to 表示引起某种幸运结果的原因,常意为“幸亏,多亏”。如:Thanks to John, we won the game.E.表示计量的介词1at 表示“以速度;以价格”。如:It flies at about 900 kilometers an hour.I sold my car at a high price.2for 表示“用交换;以为代价”。如:He sold his car for 500 dollars.注意:at 表示单价,for 表示总钱数。3by 表示“以计”,后跟度量单位。如:They paid him by the month.
11、注意:by 后接具体度量单位要加 the。F.表示工具或手段的介词1by 意为“用某种方式”,后面的名词不带冠词。如:I went there by bus.2with 表示“用某种工具”,后面的名词需带冠词。如:He broke the window with a stone.3in 表示“用”时,后面的宾语不带冠词,且多为铅笔、墨水、颜色、语言等。如:I hate letters written in pencil.We will never forget this historical lesson written in blood.4on 表示“以方式”,多用于固定词组。如:They
12、talked on the telephone.She learns English on the radio/on TV.G.表示“在之间”的介词1between 表示在两者之间。如:You are to sit between your father and me.2among 表示在三者或三者以上之间。如:He is always happy among his classmates.3有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,但强调多者中的两两关系时用 between。如:Switzerland lies between France, Italy, Austria and Germany.P
13、ay attention to the relationship between the sentences in your composition.H.表示“除了”的介词1besides 表示“除之外,还有”。如:We all went to see the film besides you.除你之外我们也都去看电影了。2except 表示“除外,把除去”。如:We all went to see the film except you.除你之外我们都去看电影了。3but 与 except 同义,但多用于不定代词 no one/nobody/nothing/everything/all 和副
14、词nowhere/anywhere 以及疑问代词 who 之后。如:I never saw him reading anything but the newspaper.4except for 表示“如无就,只是”,多表明理由细节。如:His diary is good except for a few spelling mistakes.5except that 表示“除外,把除去”,后面接句子。如:I know nothing about him except that he is from Beijing.6apart from 在不同的上下文中,既有 besides 的含义,又有 ex
15、cept 和 except for 的含义,要根据上下文来判别。如:Apart from/Besides English,he has a good command of Russian and French.He has no interests,apart from/except his work.Its a good paper,apart from/except for a few spelling mistakes.(2)介词的搭配、介词短语1名词词组:如 on the contrary 相反;in turn 依次; in ones opinion 根据某人的看法;on time 准
16、时;out of reach 够不着2动词词组:如 remind sb. of sth.提醒某人某事;rob sb. of sth.抢劫某人的;result from 由引起;call at 访问(某地)3形容词词组:如 be curious about 对好奇;be proud of 因而自豪;be popular with受到的欢迎4介词短语:如 apart from 除之外;in addition to 除之外(还);because of 因为;instead of 代替;in fear of 为提心吊胆;for fear of 以免;in case of 防备,万一;thanks to由于;in the middle of 在 中间 according to 根据;in front of 在前面;in return for 作为对的回报;in charge of 负责;as a result of 作为的结果;in exchange for 与交换等。