1、Unit 4Astronomy：the science of the stars 天文学：恒星科学,本节目录,基础盘点自测自评,考点串讲讲练互动,核心单词1_ n天文学2 _ n系统;体系;制度3 _ n学说;理论4 _ n大气层;气氛5 _ adj.基本的;基础的6 _ adv.因此;于是7_ n原子,astronomy,system,theory,atmosphere,fundamental,thus,atom,8 _ adj.温和的;文雅的9 _ vi.不像like vt.喜欢prep.相像likely adj.可能的16 _ (adj.)有害的harm n& v伤害harmless a
2、dj.无害的,gentle,crash,pull,float,gravity,climate,violent,unlike,harmful,17_ vi.存在;生存existence n存在;生存18_ n谜;难题vt.(使)为难puzzled adj.迷惑的puzzling adj.令人迷惑的,exist,puzzle,高频短语1_及时，终于2_ 下蛋3_ 产生；分娩4_ 轮到某人；接着5_ 阻止；制止6_ 挡住(光线)7_ 感到高兴；感到振奋8_ 既然9_ 突发；爆发10_ 密切注视；当心；提防,in time,lay eggs,give birth to,in ones turn,pre
3、vent.from,block out,cheer up,now that,break out,watch out,典型句式1now that既然,由于“Oh,dear,” I cried,“walking does need a bit of practice _gravity has changed.” “天哪,”我大声说,“引力改变了,走路也的确需要练一练了。”2make it possible使成为可能This produced a chain reaction,_ for life to develop.这就产生了一系列的反应,使得生命就有可能开始发展了。,now that,whic
4、h made it possible,3比较级前的倍数表达But when I tried to step forward,I found I was carried _on the earth and fell over.但是当我努力向前迈步的时候,我发觉我被送出去很远,步子的跨度竟是地球上的两倍,因而我摔倒了。4whether引导的主语从句So _on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on_.所以,在未来的数百万年中,生命能否在地球上延续取决于这个问题能否得到解决。,twice as far as,whether li
5、fe will continue,whether this problem can be solved,5现在分词表示“结果”As a result of this event,a great dust cloud formed in the sky_.由于这件事,在天空中形成一大团尘埃遮住了阳光。,blocking out the sunlight,单元语法主语从句1(2012高考安徽卷)The limits of a persons intelligence,generally speaking,are fixed at birth,but _ he reaches these limit
6、s will depend on his environment.AwhereBwhetherCthat Dwhy 解析：选B。考查主语从句的引导词。句意：一个人的智力极限,通常来说,出生时就已经定型了,但他是否能够达到这些极限则取决于他的生活环境。根据“depend on”可知,主语从句“_he reaches these limits”中含有不确定因素,故用whether,选B。,2(2013江苏苏中三市一模)Sometimes,_we show our gratitude to a person is reflected in the kind of food we serve him
7、or her.Awhen BwhetherCwhy Dhow解析：选D。句意：有时候,我们对一个人表达感谢的方式在我们给他或她提供的食物种类中反映出来。根据句意及结构可知用how(怎样)引导主语从句。when何时,whether是否,why为什么,这三项均不合题意。,3(2012安徽合肥二次质检)_ female college graduates get a job appears to be rather difficult nowadays in China.AThat BWhyCWhat DWhether解析：选A。句意：现在,在中国女大学生找份工作似乎很困难。根据句子结构可知空格处引
8、导主语从句,从句中不缺任何成分,所以用that作引导词。,4(2012河南郑州三模)It is far from certain _ the sportswoman will recover for the race this year.Ahow BthatCwhether Dif解析：选C。句意：今年这个女运动员是否能恢复健康并参加比赛还远不能确定。本题考查主语从句。根据“It is far from certain”可知设空处表示“是否”之意,故答案为C项。,5(2013唐山模拟)It makes his life quite different_he has received highe
9、r education abroad.Athat BwhichCwhat Dhow解析：选A。考查主语从句。本句中的It是形式主语,真正的主语是“that he has received higher education abroad”。,单词精研1. existvi. 存在,生存(教材P26)They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years.它们也生蛋,在地球上生存了一亿四千多万年。,(2012高考陕西卷阅读理解D)Dress standards exist in the business
10、world for a number of reasons,but the main concern is often about what customers accept.由于种种原因,在生意场上出现了着装标准,但最关切的通常是顾客接受什么样的(着装)。(牛津P697)They cant exist on the money hes earning.他们靠他挣的那点钱无法维持生活。(2011高考大纲全国卷阅读理解A)There existed a close relationship between families and their milkmen.各家各户和他们的送奶人之间存在一种亲
11、密的关系。No one knows how this world came into existence.没有人知道这个世界是怎样形成的。,2. harmful adj. 有害的;伤害的(2012高考浙江卷阅读理解A)Some researchers found that rising temperatures are having harmful effects on at least five species of rabbit in the US.一些研究者发现升高的温度对生活在美国的至少五种兔子有不好的影响。,Air pollution will get worse and this
12、will be harmful to people,for example,it can cause cancer.空气污染会加剧,而且这会对人们造成危害,例如,它可以引发癌症。He has got into the bad habit of reading in bed,which is harmful to/does harm to his eyesight.他已养成一个在床上看书的坏习惯,这习惯有害于他的视力。Many lifestyle patterns do such great harm to health that they actually speed up weakening
13、 of the human body.许多生活方式对人类的健康有如此巨大的伤害以至于他们实际加速了人类身体的衰退。As far as Im concerned,there is no harm in making an apology to him first.就我个人而言,先向他道歉没有什么坏处。,3. puzzlevt.仔细琢磨(2)be in a puzzle about sth.对某事迷惑不解(3)puzzling adj. 令人困惑的puzzled adj. 感到困惑的,It puzzles scientists how these creatures can survive in
14、such severe conditions.这些生物是如何在这样艰难的条件下存活的,这使科学家很疑惑。The police are still puzzling about/over how the accident could have happened.警察仍然正在苦思这起事故是怎么发生的。Her puzzled look on her face suggested she didnt understand what I said.她脸上迷惑的表情表明她不明白我说的话。,4. pulln. 牵引力(牛津P1604)The police car signalled to us to pul
15、l in.警车发出信号,要我们驶向路边停靠。归纳拓展,No matter how much you feel the pull of the past,make a determined effort to look to the future.不管对过去有多么留恋,你也要下定决心往前看。Its going to be tough but well pull through it together.这件事会很棘手,但我们将协办把它完成。They are pulling down those houses to make room for a new hotel.为了给新旅馆腾地,他们正在拆除那
16、些房屋。,跟踪训练.用所给单词的适当形式填空1_most people in the office who come to work by car,I usually come to work by bus.(like)2I consider that it is _ for students to play computer games,though some of them dont think so.(harm)3There was a _look on her face because a _problem _ the little girl.(puzzle)4As is known
17、to us,China _ as an independent country in 1949.(exist)5Police said that _ in the city was continuing into the night.(violent),Unlike,harmful,puzzled,puzzling,puzzled,came into existence,violence,.单项填空1(2013吉林省重点中学协作体高考适应性考试)She has been _ over his strange email for several weeks,but she still figur
18、es out nothing about it.ApuzzlingBworriedCtroubled Danxious解析：选A。句意：她对他那个电子邮件苦苦思索了好几周,可还是没弄明白。puzzle over.意为“对苦苦思索”。,2(2013成都部分高中高三教学质量检测)His injuries are extremely serious,but hes expected to_.Apull in Bpull throughCpull up Dpull over解析：选B。考查动词短语辨析。句意：他的伤很严重,但有望恢复。pull in“驶向路边停下,进站”;pull through“恢复
19、健康”;pull up“停下”;pull over“停靠在路边”。根据语意选B项。,3(2013淄博模拟)_ a certain doubt among the workers as to the necessity of the work.AIt existed BThere existedCThere had DIt had解析：选B。句意：对于做这份工作的必要性,工人们存在一定的疑惑。there exists/existed.“有;存在”;相当于there be.结构。,4Doctors always tell us that drinking too much _our health,
20、but some people dont care.Ais harm to Bdoes harmful toCis harmful to Ddo harm to解析：选C。句意：医生总是告诉我们饮酒太多有害健康,但有些人却不在意。be harmful to sb.do harm to sb.“对某人有害”。D项应用第三人称单数。,短语精释1. in time及时;终于,总有一天(2012高考江苏卷)Thank God youre safe!I stepped back,just in time to avoid the racing car.谢天谢地,你安全了！我向后退了一步,正好及时避过了赛
21、车。,归纳拓展on time准时;按时in no time 立即;马上at a time 一次;每次at one time 曾经;一度at times 有时ahead of time 提前take ones time 别着急;慢慢来,(朗文P2162)Will you be back in time for dinner?你会及时赶回来吃晚饭吗？The company fired him for not coming to work on time.那家公司因他不按时上班而解雇了他。At one time,half the land on the earths surface was cove
22、red by forest.曾经,地球表面有一半的土地被森林所覆盖。At no time will smoking be permitted here.这里绝不允许吸烟。,2. in ones turn 轮到某人;接着(教材P26)Thus they have,in their turn,become the most important animals on the planet.于是,他们接着成为了这个行星上最重要的动物 。归纳拓展in turn依次,轮流;反之,反过来by turns 轮流;交替地take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事It is ones turn to
23、do sth. 轮到某人做某事,When it is in my turn,I am too excited to speak.当轮到我时,我激动得都说不出话来了。Theory is based on practice and in turn serves practice.理论的基础是实践,反过来理论又为实践服务。You cant all do it together;youll have to take turns.你们不能全体一齐上;你们得轮流做。Now it is your turn to look after the children.现在轮到你照看孩子了。,3. prevent.f
24、rom阻止;制止(教材P26)They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.他们把过多的二氧化碳释放到大气层中,这使得地球上的热不能释放到太空中去。,Once he has made up his mind,no one can prevent him from carrying out the plan.一旦他下定决心,谁也阻止不了他执行这个计划。(2012高考安徽卷阅读理解A)For exampl
25、e,there are Chinese shoes made of silk that were worn by women to tie their feet firmly to prevent them from growing too much！比如说这里有一种丝质的中国古代女子穿的鞋子,它们紧紧绑在脚上使脚不会长得太大。(译林3)The desert was once a green land with enormous trees,but even that didnt prevent the city from being buried by sand.那沙漠曾是巨树覆盖的绿洲,但
26、即使那样也不能阻止整个城市被沙子埋没。,【温馨提示】prevent/stop/keep/prohibit.from在主动语态中,keep.from中的from不能省略;在被动语态中,from都不能省略。,4. cheer up感到高兴;感到振奋(牛津P327)Give Mary a call; she needs cheering up.给玛丽打个电话,她需要人安慰。归纳拓展(1)cheer sb.on (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励;为某人加油cheer the victory 为胜利而欢呼(2)cheerful adj. 快乐的,高兴的Cheers! (用于祝酒)干杯！,I do hope she
27、 can cheer up and accept the challenge of life bravely!我真心希望她能振作起来,勇敢地接受生活的挑战！They do this in order to encourage crowds to cheer their sports team on.她们这样做是为了鼓励人们为她们的球队加油。(人教1)He described it as vital for keeping us cheerful.他把它(班卓琴)说成是保持我们精神振奋的关键。,跟踪训练.完成句子1_(使我们振奋的是) was that we floated weightless
28、ly around in our spaceship.2If you dont devote yourself to your studies,youll never _(及时完成)3We put a curtain across the window to _(遮挡阳光)4It was the study of history that _(诞生)the social sciences.,What cheered us up,finish them in time,block out the sunlight,gave birth to,5_(既然) most children nowada
29、ys are the only one of the family,they tend to be more selfcentered.6Hans finally _(熟悉他的工作)after three months of training.,Now that,got the hang of his job,.单项填空1(2012高考福建卷)China recently tightened its waters controls near the Huangyan Island to prevent Chinese fishing boats from _in the South China
30、 Sea.Aattacking Bhaving attackedCbeing attacked Dhaving been attacked解析：选C。句意：中国最近加紧黄岩岛的水域控制来阻止中国渔船在中国南海被袭击。prevent sb.from doing sth.“阻止某人做某事”,本句中的fishing boats和attack是被动关系,所以选择C项。,2(2013巢湖质检)Our football team will compete against the American team this evening.Lets go and_ them _,shall we?Acheer;u
31、pBjoin;upCadd;up Dpick;up解析：选A。句意：今晚我们队要和美国足球队比赛,让我们去给他们加油助威吧,好吗？cheer sb.up意为“为某人加油”.,3You are always sitting there watching TV._,lets go out for a walk,shall we?OK,but just a moment.The football game is just over.ATake your time BCheer upCTake it easy DCome on解析：选D。考查交际用语。前半句句意：你总是坐在那里看电视。走吧,咱们出去散
32、散步,好吗？come on在此表示责备或不耐烦,意为“来吧,得啦,走吧”。take your time不着急;cheer up高兴点;take it easy别紧张。,4(2012四级英语)Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits,which _ increase the risk of heart disease.Ain turn Bin returnCby chance Dby turns 解析：选A。句意：紧张的环境会导致诸如不良的饮食习惯等不健康行为,而后者又会增加患心脏病
33、的危险。in turn转而,依次,而又;in return 作为报答;by chance偶然;by turns 轮流地,依次。,5Do you think well be _ to catch the train if we get up early?Ain order Bso asCin time Din case解析：选C。句意：你认为如果早点起床我们能及时赶上火车吗？in order to与so as to表示目的,in case后接从句,用在此处不合适;in time及时,符合语意。,句型精析1. (教材P26)This produced a chain reaction, which
34、 made it possible for life to develop.这就形成一个连锁反应，使生命发展成为可能。句法分析本句中it作形式宾语，真正的宾语为不定式短语 for life to develop。it作形式宾语还可以代替动名词或从句。I find it strange that she doesnt want to go.她居然不想去，我觉得奇怪。,We all consider it a pity that you didnt come to the party.我们都认为你没有来参加聚会很遗憾。You may depend on it that were honest.你可
35、以相信我们是诚实的。I hate it when people speak with their mouths full.我不喜欢人们说话时嘴里有满满的东西。,2.(教材P31)But when I tried to step forward，I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。句法分析句中as far as是一个同级比较结构，twice表达一种倍数。常见的倍数表达方式有：(1)“A倍数形容词或副词的比较级th
36、anB”，表示“A比B大(长、高、宽等)多少倍”。(2)“A倍数as形容词或副词的原级asB”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。,(3)“A倍数the size/height/length/width，etc.ofB”，表示“A是B的多少倍”。(4)A倍数what从句。,(2011高考陕西卷)The new stadium being built for the next Asian Games will be three times as big as/bigger than/the size of the present one.正在建造的下届亚运会的新体育馆将是目前这个的三倍大。There ar
37、e five times more books in our library than in yours.我们图书馆里的书比你们图书馆里的书多五倍。Our city has experienced twice as much rain this year as it did last year.我们城市今年的降雨量是去年的两倍。The production now is three times what it was ten years ago.现在的产量是10年前的3倍。,跟踪训练1(2012高考四川卷)New technologies have made _ possible to tur
38、n out new products faster and at a lower cost.AthatBthisCone Dit解析：选D。考查代词it的用法。句意：新科技使以更快的速度、更低的成本生产新产品成为可能。it指代动词不定式短语,作形式宾语。,2(2012山东省菏泽重点高中高三下学期四月模拟)He didnt make _ clear when and where the meeting would be held.AthisBthatCitDthese解析：选C。此处 it作形式宾语,when and where the meeting would be held是真正的宾语。,
39、3(2012江西省上饶市第一次高考模拟)Highspeed trains travel at 300 kilometers an hour,which is about _normal trains.Afour times the speed asBthe speed four times of Cfour times as the speed ofDfour times the speed of 解析：选D。此处考查倍数the名词of名词。句意：高铁每小时300公里,它是普通的火车速度的4倍。,4(2012甘肃省高三第一次高考诊断)Encouraged greatly,the young m
40、an tried _ with the intention of setting up his own business.Aas twice hard Btwice as hardCtwice as harder Dharder twice解析：选B。句意：受到极大的鼓舞,那个年轻人尽了两倍的努力建立了自己的事业。,5Peters jacket looked just the same as Jacks,but it cost _ his.Aas much twice as Btwice as much asCmuch as twice as Das twice much as解析：选B。句意：彼得的夹克衫看起来与杰克的一样,但价格却是他的两倍。考查倍数句型“倍数词as原级as.”。,本部分内容讲解结束,按ESC键退出全屏播放,
