1、目录2 0 1 0年北京第二外国语学院8 1 2综合考试（英2）真题及详解2 0 0 9年北京第二外国语学院8 1 2综合考试（英2）真题及详解2 0 0 8年北京第二外国语学院8 1 2综合考试（英2）真题及详解2 0 0 7年北京第二外国语学院8 1 2综合考试（英2）真题及详解2 0 1 0年北京第二外国语学院8 1 2综合考试（英2）真题及详解Part On e英美社会文化(5 0分)I. Fill in th e b lan k s with p ro p er wo rd s: (每题 2 分)1 . In 1 2 1 5 , so me feu d al b aro n s an
2、 d th e Ch u rch fo rced Kin g _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _to sig n th e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ to p lace so me limits o n th e Kin g s p o wer.2 . Th e British Co n stitu tio n co n sists o f statu te law, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an d_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .3 . Th ere are th ree majo r p arties in th e UK: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3、, th e Lab o u r p artyan d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .4 .Th e two o ld est u n iv ersities in Britain are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .5 . Th e US fed eral g o v ern men t co n sists o f th e fo llo win g th ree b ran ch es:th e ex ecu tiv e, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an d _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .6“WASP” s
4、tan d s fo r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .7 . Acco rd in g to Jo h n Lo ck e, th e rig h t to g o v ern co mes fro m anag reemen t o r _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ v o lu n tarily en tered in to b y free p eo p le.8 .Th e Th ree Faith s in th e US refer to Pro testan t, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ an d_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .9 .Th e f
5、irst Cath o lic p resid en t in th e US was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .1 0 . So me o f th e p ro g rams to eq u alize ed u catio n al o p p o rtu n ities fo r allg ro u p s b y g iv in g sp ecial p referen ce to memb ers o f min o rity g ro u p s are called_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .答案：1 .Jo h n , Mag n a Carta2 .
6、co mmo n law, co n v en tio n s3 . th e Co n serv ativ e p arty , th e Lib eral Demo cratic p arty4 .Ox fo rd , Camb rid g e5 . th e leg islativ e, th e ju d icial6 . Wh ite An g lo -Sax o n Pro testan t7 .So cial co n tract8 .Cath o lic, Jewish9 .J.F. Ken n ed y1 0 . affirmativ e actio n p ro g ram
7、sII. Tell wh at y o u k n o w ab o u t th e fo llo win g in y o u r o wn wo rd s:1 . Th e Bill o f Rig h ts o f 1 6 8 9答案：Th e Bill o f Rig h ts o f 1 6 8 9In 1 6 8 8 , Kin g James IIs d au g h ter Mary an d h er h u sb an d William werein v ited b y th e p o litician s an d ch u rch au th o rities
8、to tak e th e th ro n e, o nco n d itio n th at th ey wo u ld resp ect th e fig h ts o f Parliamen t. Th e Bill o f Rig h tswas p assed in 1 6 8 9 to en su re th at th e Kin g wo u ld n ev er b e ab le to ig n o reParliamen t.更多考研资料 v/q:344647 公众号/小程序：顺通考试资料2 . Th e Co mmo n wealth答案：Th e Co mmo n w
9、ealthIn th e au th o rs o p in io n , th e Co mmo n wealth is a v o lu n tary asso ciatio n o fstates wh ich is mad e u p mo stly o f fo rmer British co lo n ies. Th ere are 5 0memb ers o f th e Co mmo n wealth : man y o f th ese are d ev elo p in g co u n tries lik eIn d ia an d Cy p ru s; o th ers
10、 are d ev elo p ed n atio n s lik e Au stralia, Can ad a an dNew Zealan d . Th e Co mmo n wealth was set u p as a fo ru m fo r co n tin u edco o p eratio n an d as a so rt o f su p p o rt n etwo rk .3 .Th e Times答案：Th e TimesTh e Times b eg an p u b lish in g in 1 7 8 5 an d it is th e Un ited Kin g
11、 d o mso ld est d aily n ewsp ap er.4 . Th e th ree trad itio n s o f Ch ristmas in Britain答案：Th e th ree trad itio n s o f Ch ristmas in BritainTh ree are th ree Ch ristmas trad itio n s wh ich are p articu larly British : o n eis th e Ch ristmas Pan to mime, a co mical mu sical p lay . Th e main m
12、alech aracter is p lay ed b y a y o u n g wo man wh ile Th e main female ch aracter,o ften an u g ly wo man called “th e Dame,” is p lay ed b y a man . An o th er BritishCh ristmas trad itio n is to h ear th e Qu een g iv e h er Ch ristmas messag e to h errealm o v er th e telev isio n an d rad io .
13、 A th ird British trad itio n is Bo x in g Day ,wh ich falls o n th e d ay after Ch ristmas. Trad itio n ally , it was o n Bo x in g Dayth at p eo p le g av e Ch ristmas g ifts o r mo n ey to th eir staff o r serv an ts. No w th atmo st British p eo p le d o n o t h av e serv an ts, th is cu sto m i
14、s n o lo n g er o b serv ed .Ho wev er, a n ew Bo x in g Day cu sto m h as emerg ed , in th e cities: sh o p p in g .Sh o p s o p en u p to sell o ff all th eir Ch ristmas sto ck d eco ratio n s, fo o d , card s,an d g ift items at lo w p rices.5 .Pu ritan ism答案：Pu ritan ismPu ritan s were th o se w
15、h o fo llo wed th e d o ctrin e o f Jo h n Calv in an dwan ted to p u rify th e Ch u rch o f En g lan d . Th ey b eliev e th at h u man b ein g swere p red estin ed b y Go d b efo re th ey were b o rn . So me were Go d s ch o senp eo p le wh ile o th ers were d amn ed to h ell. No ch u rch n o r g o
16、 o d wo rk s co u ldsav e p eo p le. Th e sig n o f b ein g Go d s elect was th e su ccess in h is wo rk o r th ep ro sp erity in h is callin g . Th ey also arg u ed th at ev ery o n e mu st read th e Bib lein o rd er to fin d Go d s will an d estab lish a d irect co n tact with Go d . Th eseb elief
17、s h ad g reat imp act o n American cu ltu re.6 .Th e Bill o f Rig h ts答案：Th e Bill o f Rig h tsTh e Bill o f Rig h ts co n sists o f th e first 1 0 amen d men ts wh ich were ad d edto th e Co n stitu tio n in 1 7 9 1 . Th e Bill o f Rig h ts was p assed to g u aran teefreed o m an d in d iv id u al
18、rig h ts su ch as freed o m o f sp eech , th e rig h t toassemb le in p u b lic p laces, th e rig h t to o wn weap o n s an d so o n .Part Two 翻译(5 0分)I. 英译汉(2 5分)Directio n s: Tran slate th e fo llo win g p assag e in to Ch in ese. Th e time fo rth is sectio n is 3 0 min u tes.1 . Hig h -sp eed g r
19、o u n d tran sp o rtatio n (HSGT) rep resen ts a n ew mo d e o ftran sp o rtatio n fo r th e Un ited States, o n e th at is p o ten tially su p erio r to b o thairp lan es an d au to mo b iles fo r trip s b etween 1 0 0 an d 6 0 0 miles.答：对于美国来说，高速地面运输是一种新的运输方式。路程在1 6 0 -9 6 0公里之内，这种运输方式比飞机、汽车更有潜在的优
20、势。2 . Prin cip al h ereb y ap p o in ts ag en t as its ex clu siv e ag en t to sell Pro d u ctsin Territo ry , with in an d to th e ex ten t o f th e rig h t g ran ted h ereu n d er, o n b eh alfo f Prin cip al an d Ag en t accep ts an d assu mes su ch ap p o in tmen t.答：委托人兹委托代理人为其独家代理，代表委托人，在本条款所给
21、予的权利限度内，在所定“地区”销售所定的“产品”，代理人接受并承担该项委托。3 . Th e research fin d s th at y o u n g wo men are h ead in g fo r an early g rav eth ro u g h smo k in g an d lack o f ex ercise.答：这项研究发现，由于抽烟和缺少运动，一些青年女性正踏上一条减寿之途。4 . Eag er to tru st b u t d etermin ed to v erify , man y sin g le wo men in an ag eo f risk y
22、 ro man ce are h irin g p riv ate d etectiv es to ch eck th e b ack g ro u n d o fth eir su ito rs.答：在这个爱情有风险的年代，许多单身女子对求婚的人欲信犹疑，于是就纷纷雇佣私家侦探去查清对方的身世。5 . Career co meb ack s fro m d isaster are b o th d ifficu lt an d , o d d ly , easy .Difficu lt b ecau se y o u r reco rd h as b een b lig h ted ; ea
23、sy b ecau se if y o u h av each iev ed triu mp h s b efo re, y o u k n o w h o w its d o n e. Wh ile we are su sp icio u so f so meo n e wh o h as su ffered a serio u s setb ack , we also resp ect h ard -wo nex p erien ce. Mo reo v er, th e d o ctrin e o f red emp tio n is a cen tral p art o f o u r
24、cu ltu re. Th e id ea th at so meo n e is an irred eemab le lo ss seems in cred ib lyb ru tal. Su ch a ju d g men t feels as if it sh o u ld b e reserv ed fo r th o se wh o h av eb een crimin al, rep eated ly n eg lig en t, o r created d amag e o n a g ran d scale.答：职场失败后东山再起既困难又容易(后面一点有些奇怪)。困难是因为你的
25、履历上有了污点；容易是因为如果你以前成功过，你就知道如何才能成功。尽管我们对遭受严重挫折的人持怀疑态度，但我们也对来之不易的经验表示尊敬。此外，救赎这个信念是我们文化的核心部分。说某人无可救药似乎相当残忍。这种评价给人的感觉是，它应该仅适用于那些犯下罪行、屡教不改或是造成严重破坏的人。II. 汉译英(2 5分)Directio n s：Tran slate th e fo llo win g in to En g lishTh e time fo r th issectio n is 3 0 min u tes1我公司经营各类城市绿化专用树苗几十个品种5 0万株，完全能达到随来随购、顾客满意的
26、程度。答：Th e co mp an y s sto ck s o f d o zen s o f sp ecies(a to tal o f 5 0 0 ,0 0 0 -o d dsap lin g s)are su fficien t to meet th e d eman d o f u rb an tree p lan tin g .2本合同自签字之日起生效，直至双方间所有的遗留问题，包括财务问题，处理完毕之日止。答：Th is Co n tract sh all b eco me effectiv e u p o n an d fro m th e d ate wh enit is
27、sig n ed an d sh all remain v alid u n til all o u tstan d in g issu es in clu d in g th efin an cial matters b etween th e Parties h ereto h av e b een reso lv ed .31 5至5 5岁的中国女性共约有3 .8亿。只要经济条件允许，几乎人人都想把自己打扮得卓约靓丽，这种情况在城市尤为明显。答：All to ld , Ch in a h as ro u g h ly 3 8 0 millio n wo men b etween th e
28、 ag es o f1 5 an d 5 5 , an d few o f th emp articu larly in th e citieswan t to lo o k an y lessth an th e b est th eir b u d g ets allo w.4当时，这位年轻的参议员为他亚裔秘书的出众长相所倾倒：她乌发披肩，亮泽飘逸；一双黑眸，顾盼生辉。答：Th e th en y o u n g sen ato r was stru ck b y th e p o werfu l p ro file o f h issecretary o f Asian d escen
29、t, h er rich b lack h air fallin g freely o n to h ersh o u ld ers, th e in ten sity o f h er d ark ey es.5作为人生发迹的手段之一，幽默和魅力是一对效力惊人的组合。我遇见过许多凭借风趣机智和好人缘白手起家的企业家。他们谦和自敛，让我们生不起气来；我们与他们相处愉快所以我们为什么不与他们做生意呢?当然，这里面必须讲求技巧。一味溜须拍马，开一些干巴巴的玩笑，不会产生同样的魔力。英国人认为，人生在世，就得苦中作乐。这似乎是我们心理学和文化的一条基本原则。在伦敦，说一个人缺乏幽默感，等于是说他一无
30、是处。我出席的许多重要会议，都以一些善意的玩笑开场，以此打破沉默。这种惯例提醒我们，我们都是凡人，而不完全是商业机器。答：Hu mo u r an d ch arm are a su rp risin g ly p o werfu l co mb in atio n as a mean so f ascen t in life. I h av e met a n u mb er o f en trep ren eu rs wh o h av e b u iltfo rtu n es o n th e b ack o f th eir wit an d g en eral p o p u lar
31、ity an d n o t mu ch else.Th ey d isarm u s with self-d ep recatio n ; we en jo y th eir co mp an y so wh ywo u ld n t we wan t to d o b u sin ess with th em? Of co u rse, it all h as to b e d o n ewell; sy co p h an cy an d flat jo k es d o n o t weav e th e same sp ell.Th e British feel th at so m
32、e lig h t relief amid th e d ru d g ery is essen tial fo rex isten ce to b e to lerab le. It seems to b e a co rn ersto n e o f o u r p sy ch o lo g y an dcu ltu re. In Lo n d o n , to say so meo n e h as n o sen se o f h u mo u r is to co n d emnth em u tterly . Man y imp o rtan t meetin g s I atte
33、n d start with a little frien d lyb an ter to b reak th e ice, a ritu al to remin d u s th at we are all h u man rath erth an simp ly ro b o ts o f co mmerce.Part Th ree 写作(5 0 p o in ts)Read th e fo llo win g article th en fu lfill th e task s.Th e Cu lt o f th e Faceless Bo ssTo o man y ch ief ex
34、ecu tiv es are in stan tly fo rg ettab le. Its th e flamb o y an t,v isio n ary b o sses wh o ch an g e th e wo rld .（指出现象）THE Eu ro p ean Un io n is n o t th e o n ly in stitu tio n th atp refers faceless tech n o crats to p eo p le with star p o wer. Th e co rp o rate wo rld isin creasin g ly reje
35、ctin g imp erial ch ief ex ecu tiv es in fav o u r o f an o n y mo u sman ag ersb lan d an d b o rin g men an d wo men wh o can h ard ly g et th emselv esn o ticed at co ck tail p arties, let alo n e sto p th e traffic in Mo sco w an d Beijin g .（举例说明）So me o f th e wo rld s mo st p o werfu l b o ss
36、es are strik in gmain ly fo r th eir b lan d n ess: Sam Palmisan o at IBM, To n y Hay ward at BP,Terry Leah y at Tesco , Vitto rio Co lao at Vo d afo n e. Th ese men are at th e h eado f a v ast army o f ev en mo re fo rg ettab le b o sses. Watch th e p arad e o f ch iefex ecu tiv es wh o ap p ear o
37、 n CNBC ev ery d ay , o r d ro p in to a h ig h -p o weredco n feren ce, an d y o u b eg in to wo n d er wh eth er clo n in g is mo re ad v an ced th anscien tists are lettin g o n .It is tru e th at th ere are a few mo re wo men an d memb ers o f eth n icmin o rities at th e to p o f co mp an ies t
38、h an th ere u sed to b e. Bu t p h y sicald iv ersity h as n o t tran slated in to cu ltu ral d iv ersity o r in tellectu al v itality .Almo st with o u t ex cep tio n , to d ay s b o sses sp o u t （滔滔不绝地讲）th e sametired o ld man ag emen t clich sab o u t th e merits o f d o in g well b y d o in gri
39、g h t（为善者，诸事顺）, th e imp o rtan ce o f v alu in g y o u r wo rk ers, th ev irtu es o f su stain ab ility an d so fo rth .Th e wo men wh o were p ro filed in a recen t article in th e Fin an cial Timesab o u t th e “to p 5 0 wo men in wo rld b u sin ess” were ev ery b it as ad ep t with th eclich as
40、th eir male co lleag u es. In d ra No o y i, th e b o ss o f Pep siCo , p ro claimedth at sh e sp en d s h er week en d s “d o in g ev ery th in g th at n o rmal p eo p le d o ”.An d rea Ju n g , th e b o ss o f Av o n , said h er b ig g est in sp iratio n came fro m“Av o n s six millio n sales rep
41、resen tativ es wo rld wid e”.（解释原因）Th e fash io n fo r faceless ch ief ex ecu tiv es is p art o f anu n d erstan d ab le reactio n ag ain st y esterd ay s imp erial b o sses, man y o f wh o mwere v iv id ch aracters, cap ab le o f h o ld in g th eir o wn in a co ck tail p arty withTo n y Blair, b u
42、t wh o co llectiv ely b ro u g h t o p p ro b riu m （耻辱；责骂）o n th esy stem th at let th em sh in e. So me, su ch as Jeff Sk illin g o f En ro n an d Ty co sDen n is Ko zlo wsk i, b ro k e th e law an d h elp ed in sp ire a d ramatic tig h ten in g o fg o v ern men t reg u latio n , in th e fo rm o f
43、 th e Sarb an es-Ox ley leg islatio n . Oth ers,su ch as Ho me Dep o ts Bo b Nard elli an d Hewlett-Pack ard s Carly Fio rin a,p aid th emselv es lik e su p erstars b u t d eliv ered d ismal（凄凉的，惨淡的）resu lts. Th e tu rb u len t b u sin ess climate is an o th er facto r th at en co u rag esto d ay s
44、ch ief ex ecu tiv es to k eep th eir h ead s d o wn . Th eir av erag e ten u re（任期） h as d eclin ed fro m ten y ears in th e 1 9 7 0 s to six y ears to d ay , an d b o ard sare b eco min g ev er mo re lik ely to sack（开除） b o sses if th ey g et o u t o f lin e,p articu larly in Eu ro p e. Th e fin an
45、 cial crisis h as also p ro d u ced a wav e o fp o p u lar fu ry（狂怒） ab o u t o v er-p aid ex ecu tiv es an d th eir u n acco u n tab leway s. In th is so rt o f climate it is n o t ju st th e p aran o id , b u t th e faceless, wh osu rv iv e.Facelessn esso r at least h u mility is also th e h eig h
46、 t o f fash io n amo n gman ag emen t co n su ltan ts an d b u sin ess g u ru s（领袖）. Co rp o rateh ead h u n ters are h elp in g firms fin d “h u mb le” b o sses. Jim Co llin s, o n e o fAmericas mo st p o p u lar g u ru s, arg u es th at th e b est ch ief ex ecu tiv es are n o tflamb o y an t（灿烂的；浮
47、夸的） v isio n aries b u t “h u mb le, self-effacin g（抹去。使自己不被注意）, d ilig en t an d reso lu te so u ls”. Bu sin ess jo u rn alistsh av e tak en to p ro d u cin g g lo win g p ro files o f self-effacin g an d self-d en y in gb o sses su ch as Haru k a Nish imatsu , th e b o ss o f Jap an Airlin es, wh
48、o trav els towo rk o n th e b u s an d p ay s h imself less th an h is p ilo ts, an d Mik e Esk ew, th efo rmer b o ss o f UPS, wh o flew co ach（坐经济舱） an d sh ares anad min istrativ e assistan t with th ree o th er p eo p le. It can o n ly b e a matter o ftime b efo re so meb o d y writes “Th e Man
49、ag emen t Secrets o f Uriah Heep ”: b eu mb le, b e ev er so u mb le.（提出质疑）Yet th ere is su rely a d an g er o f tak in g all th is to o far. A lo wp ro file is n o g u aran tee ag ain st co rp o rate failu re, as th e fo rmer b o sses o f twoco mp an ies lau d ed b y Mr Co llin s, Fan n ie Mae an d
50、 Circu it City , can tell y o u .In g en eral, th e co rp o rate wo rld n eed s its flamb o y an t v isio n aries an d rag in geg o man iacs（极端自我主义者） rath er mo re th an its h u mb le lead ers an dco rp o rate civ il serv an ts. Th in k o f th e p eo p le wh o h av e sh ap ed th e mo d emb u sin ess
