1、Bill Gates Speech to Tsinghua University(12 December , 1997)1 Its great to be here and have a chance to share some of my excitement with you.2 I got involved with computers at 18, and the computer was a very limited teletype that had to be connected through a phone line up to a mainframe-like comput
2、er but my friends and I became fascinated with understanding what the computer can do, what was the future, and how would it be used. When we found out about chip technology, and the miracle of being able to improve the power of the chip exponentially, we realized that computers had a very bright fu
3、ture. We spent a lot of our time writing software because we loved writing software, because we thought that the software being written by a lot of big hardware companies wasnt as good as what we could do.3 I was 19 when I realized that if I wanted to be the first to do a software company for these
4、new cheap computers, I needed to get my friends, together and start right away, so Microsoft became the first company doing software for these new machines. Our vision was a computer on every desk and in every home. In the last 20 years, that vision is certainly becoming a reality. If we had to chan
5、ge it today, we would simply add that now we also want to have a computer in every pocket, every carmany other places that we had not thought about when we first started doing development. I believe software is the key element that really unlocks the power of all this technology, and the idea of mak
6、ing it easy to find information, easy to create information, easy to communicate with other people. Software is at the center of that, and so software will be the fastest growing industry in the world and, one that will create lots and lots of great jobs. Certainly here in China the opportunity for
7、hundreds of thousands of great jobs should be very exciting because there is a global shortage in terms of computer skills.4 The personal computer revolution got started in 1975, thats when I left college and started Microsoft. These last 22 years have really been amazing, every prediction weve made
8、 about improvements have all come true. As we look ahead, that pace of innovation is not slowing down, in fact if anything its speeding up. Very high speed processors like 300 MHz Pentiums, or new 64-bit processors that we re already developing Windows NT for; incredible storage capacity, which will
9、 let us store, not just data, but also digital video as well; great screen technology to create a tablet-like device that would be good enough for reading and writing; advanced graphics and now the ability to connect computers together at very high speed.5 The Internet is the way that all these mach
10、ines can be connected together. And those standards and the improvement of those standards, is very very important. Some people like to think about how the computer industry compares to other industries. Ive shown before what the cost of the typical car was in 1980 in US, and that rose up to be abou
11、t from 8, 000 to 19, 000 today, and likewise cereal has increased in price. How does that compare to PCs? If the same model was followed for PCs, you can buy a car for 27 cents and cereal for less than one cent, so theres no other area of the economy that has this rapid improvement, and people just
12、arent used to it. You almost have to tell people, “What would you do if Internet computing power was free, “ because thats what well be able to deliver with all these improvements.6 Microsofts vision of computing is global computing. We see PCs connected to the Internet making the world a smaller pl
13、ace, and thats positive in so many ways: to build understanding between people, to share research in key science areas, including medicine, to allow world commerce to work very well. And the Internet is driving this already. Microsoft has set up operations around the world, and we are very pleased w
14、ith the success were having here in China. We are doing significant software development on products here, and that will continue to increase, and key for us is having very very high quality software people, and weve been lucky to hire a great number of people from this university. Really Id say tha
15、t the core of the teams weve put together have come from here, and Ive listed some of those employees here, and we certainly hope that in the future this list will increase dramatically, and the quality of our work continues to rise. 7 Microsoft believes in doing a lot of research because the softwa
16、re of today is not adequate for tomorrow. Its come a long way, such as the graphics interface, the application, and the way we deal with linguistics; its much better than it was a year ago. Building the Internet into the software has come a long way. Some of the more ambitious things, like teaching
17、the computer to speak or listen or see, still require a lot of software work. That s not yet done, and so weve been investing in research, and building the number of research locations which will be increasing in the years ahead. One advance is teaching the computer to pick up sentences and understa
18、nd them, and not just think of them as a series of characters.8 Here we have an example where the word processor is looking at an English sentence, and suggesting that the grammar is not correct, and showing exactly how the grammar might be fixed. That kind of thing has proven to be extremely popula
19、r, and its just a step on the road to getting computers to actually understand whats going on, in the same way that humans do. That pursuit of artificial intelligence is the most exciting thing in computer science. Although the progress in that has been fairly slow, Im confident that that will be ac
20、celerating quite a bit.9 Another interesting area that I think people arent expecting is computer vision. The actual digital cameras that allow you to have an image and scan, that image are going down in cost, and software to recognize users, see what theyre looking at, what kind of gestures theyre
21、making; that kind of software is coming along quite well. In fact I brought a short little film of a demonstration that someone from our vision group did, so lets take a quick look at some of the progress thats been made. Demo video10 That just gives you a glimpse of one area that is expected to mak
22、e the personal computer really disappear into the environment and connect up in a rich way. Tomorrows PC will be quite different from what we have today, tomorrows Internet will be much better than what we have today, but it will all evolve out of this technology that we have right now.11 Its clear
23、that the reason we refer to this as the information age is that the capabilities available in the information age will let people reach out and get what they need, whether its business, learning, or for entertainment. Microsoft feels in a very lucky position to be helping to drive these things, and
24、key for us is working with other software companies so that they can build other applications on top of the system. Every industry needs a lot of software work there, and so I talk about the software industry creating so many great jobs in the years ahead. I think you picked a great field to be in,
25、and we look forward to working with you. Thank you.比尔。盖茨的演讲,清华大学(12 月 12日,1997)。1很高兴能在这里,让我有机会分享一些我的兴奋与你在一起时的感觉。2我参与了计算机在 18、计算机是一个很有限的电传打字,必须通过电话线连接到一个 mainframe-like电脑,但我的朋友和我变得着迷于理解什么是电脑能做些什么,是未来,你会被使用。当我们发现了芯片技术,奇迹般的能够提高芯片的功率指数,我们意识到计算机有一个非常美好的未来。我们花了很多时间写的软件,因为我们爱,因为我们想写软件,该软件是由很多伟大的硬件公司,不如我们所能
26、做的一切。3我 19岁的时候,我忽然意识到,如果我想要成为第一个做软件公司对这些新廉价的计算机,我要让我的朋友们,一起,马上,所以微软成为第一个软件公司做了这些新机器。我们的愿景是计算机在每一张办公桌和每一个家庭。在过去的 20年中,视觉的确是成为现实。如果我们必须改变它的今天,我们只会增加,现在我们还想要一台电脑在每个人的口袋里,每辆车许多其他地方,我们没有想到当我们开始做的发展。我相信软件是关键元素的力量确实解锁所有这些技术和理念,使它容易找到的信息,容易产生的信息,很容易与别人交流。软件是在中心,因此软件将会增长最快的产业之一,在世界上,将创造许多的伟大的工作。当然这里的机会在中国成千上
27、万的工作应该是很令人兴奋,因为那里是一个全球性的计算机技能短缺。4个人计算机革命开始于 1975年,当我离开大学创办微软。这些 22年实在是惊人的,每个预测我们已经取得了关于改进都成真。往前看,那个节奏的创新是不会放慢,事实上,如果什么是加快。非常高的速度一样 Pentiums 300兆赫兹处理器,或新 64位处理器,我们已开发窗口新台币,令人难以置信的存储容量,这将让我们店,不仅仅是数据,而且数字视频、大屏幕技术来创建一个 tablet-like装置,将足够好,阅读和写作;先进的图形和现在的能力,将多台计算机连接到在很高的速度。5都是透过网际网路,所有这些机器能被连接在一起。和那些标准,提高
28、这些标准,是非常非常重要的。有些人喜欢思考如何与其他产业相比,计算机行业。我一直在付出任何代价的典型的车是 1980年在美国,站起身来,就要从 8万至 19万的今天,同样的谷物价格增加了。它如何与电脑吗?如果同样的模式是对个人电脑,你可以买一辆车,麦片粥,27 美分,比一分,所以没有其他地区的经济快速进步,人们并不使用它。你几乎要告诉人们”,你会怎么做,如果网络计算能力是免费的,因为那是我们能够把所有这些改进。6微软公司的愿景的计算是全球性的计算。我们看见个人计算机连接到因特网使世界更小的地方,这是积极在如此多的方面:人们之间的理解、共享的研究重点学科,包括药品,让世界贸易工作得很好。与互联网
29、是驾驶这了。微软公司建立了业务遍布世界各地,我们很高兴在这里我们的成功。我们正在做大量的软件开发上的产品在这里,而且将继续增长,关键是对我们有非常高质量软件的人,我们一直幸运雇用大量的人从这所大学。说真的,我想说的是这个核心的队伍,我们将一起来这里,我从这里列出一些雇员,我们当然希望在未来这个列表将会大幅上升,品质工作仍在继续上升。7微软坚信做了大量的研究,因为今天的软件是不足够的明天。它是走了这么远的路,如图形界面、应用、我们的方式处理语言学;它是比是一年前。互联网在建筑物的软件,还有很长的路要走。一些更有雄心的东西,像教计算机说话或听或看,还需要大量的软件的工作。那是尚未完成,所以我们一直
30、在研究和建设投资的研究地点将在年内向前地增加。一是教学的电脑接句子和理解它们,而不只是作为一系列字符。8在这里我们的字处理器实例正在看一个英文句子,并暗示语法是不正确的,并展示如何可能是固定的语法。这样的事已被证明是非常受欢迎,它只是一踏上了通往获得计算机实际上这究竟是怎么一回事,在同样的方式,人类所做的工作。人工智能的追求,是世界上最令人兴奋的事情在计算机科学。虽然进步,已经相当慢,我确信这将加速了不少。9另一个有趣的区域,我认为人们不希望是计算机视觉。实际的数码相机,让你拥有了一个图像扫描、形象正在降低成本,并在软件来识别用户,看他们怎么看,什么样的姿态他们;这类软件进展得相当顺利。事实上
31、我带来短暂的小电影的示威,有人从我们的视野组,让我们来看看一些进步的研究成果进行了综述。演示视频10那只给你一眼,预计将使个人电脑真的消失在环境和连接起来的丰富。明天的电脑将被完全不同于我们所拥有的今天,明天的互联网将远比我们所拥有的一切,但它将今天的这个技术的发展,我们现在所拥有的。11,很清楚的是,我们把这个作为信息时代是信息时代里,我们可以获取他们所需要的东西,无论是商业、学习、娱乐。微软的感觉很幸运的位置应帮助驾驶这些东西,关键是对我们的工作与其它的软件公司,这样他们可以建立其他应用程序的系统。每个行业都需要大量的软件工作,所以我谈谈软件产业创造很多伟大的工作。我认为一个伟大的领域,我
32、们期待与您合作。谢谢你。TEXT1BThe US government plans to launch a major, inter-agency nanotechnology initiative to nurture what officials escribe as explosive growth in scientific interest in the behaviour of materials at the nanometre scale美国政府计划推出一个主要机构间的纳米技术倡议，培养官员的材料，在行为科学的兴趣爆炸式增长的描述纳米尺度The National Science
33、 Foundation (NSF),which supports most university research in nanoscience and is likely to lead the initiative, reports that it can fund only 13 per cent of the grant applications it receives in the field, compared with the 40 per cent success rate in many disciplines at the agency.国家科学基金会（NSF） ，它支持在
34、纳米大多数大学的研究，并可能导致主动，报告，它可以资助它在该领域收到的拨款申请，只有13，40的成功率相比在该机构的许多学科。Competition for funds in the field is“absolutely ferocious,” says Stan Williams,head of basic research at HewlettPackard and a keen supporter of the initiative.Williams prefers the term nanoscience to nanotechnology because the latter te
35、rm has become tarred by fanciful claims on its behalf.在该领域对资金的竞争“绝对来势凶猛， ”斯坦 - 威廉姆斯说，惠普基础研究的负责人和主动的热心支持者。威廉姆斯喜欢长期纳米纳米技术，因为后者的任期成为其奇特的索赔柏油代表。Part of the problem is that nanotechnology has been over-hyped,” he says, noting that “we have to fight against the distaste” that some feel, associating the te
36、rm with visions of a factory housed in a matchbox.问题的部分原因是，纳米技术已经被过度炒作， “他说，他指出：”我们已经对厌恶的斗争“，有些人认为，与安置在一个火柴盒工厂的远景关联的术语。 Instead, a growing understanding of materials at the nanometre scale, where dimensions are comparable to the lengths of individual molecules, is likely to transform large-scale pro
37、ducts and processes. “This doesnt need to be about small things, it could be about parts in a car,” explains Mike Roco of the NSFs engineering directorate, who chairs an inter-agency working group that is planning the initiative. “The utilization of nanotechnology is very broad, but all fields of it
38、 use the same tools and methods.”相反，越来越多的材料在纳米尺度，尺寸相当于单个分子的长度，的理解是可能改造大型的产品和工艺。 “这并不需要有关的小东西，它可以对汽车部件，解释说：”迈克劳卡国家科学基金会的工程首长，谁主持了一个机构间工作组，是规划的主动权。 “纳米技术的利用是非常广阔的，但它的所有领域使用相同的工具和方法。 ”Perhaps the most commercially spectacular application so far is the use of giant magnetoresistance discovered in 1988 i
39、n the reading heads of most computer disk drives. The related phenomenon of tunnelling magnetoresistance will shortly allow the production of fast and compact random-access memories for computers.也许到目前为止最壮观的商业应用程序是利用巨磁电阻 - 在大多数计算机磁盘驱动器的读取头 - 在 1988年发现的。有关隧道磁阻现象会在短期内允许快速和紧凑的计算机的随机存取记忆的生产。But, as Will
40、iams points out, imminent applications of nanotechnology extend far beyond the computer industry. Kodak, he says, is developing nanoscale particles called dygments a cross between powder pigments and molecular dyes for use in printing images. Tyre manufacturers plan to mix nanoparticles of clay with
41、 tyre rubber, tying up loose ends of polymer molecules and greatly extending tyre life. And the four-fifths of possible drug therapies that cant be tested in patients because they are insoluble in water could be produced as nanoparticles sitting in a suspension in water, and could therefore become v
42、iable therapy candidates.窗体顶端但是，正如威廉姆斯指出，迫在眉睫的纳米技术应用远远超出了计算机行业。柯达，他说，发展所谓的“dygments纳米粒子 -用于印刷图像 - 粉末颜料和分子染料之间的交叉。轮胎制造商计划与轮胎橡胶混合的粘土纳米粒子，占压有始有终的聚合物分子，并大大延长了轮胎的寿命。以及可能的药物，患者不能测试疗法的五分之四，因为它们不溶于水，可作为生产坐在纳米粒子在水中的悬浮，并可能因此成为可行的治疗候选人。All of this potential is attracting attention in Washington, where support
43、for a research initiative is growing. In the annual budget guidelines circulated to agencies in May, Jack Lew, the director of the Office of Management and Budget at the White House, and Neal Lane, director of its Office of Science and Technology Policy, identified nanotechnology as an area ripe for
44、 special interagency attention. Last month, hearings in both the House and the Senate outlined the special potential of the field.所有这种潜力正吸引着在华盛顿的关注，支持一个研究倡议增长。在在 5月分发各机构的年度预算指引，杰克在白宫管理和预算办公室主任，卢，和尼尔巷，其科学和技术政策办公室主任，确定了纳米技术作为一个地区特殊的时机已经成熟间的关注。上个月，在众议院和参议院的听证会上概述了该领域的特殊潜力。All of this points to the incl
45、usion of a major nanotechnology initiative in the budget proposal for the 2001 fiscal year, which President Bill Clinton presents to the Congress next February. A report soon to be released by the inter-agency group calls for the initiative to double government spending on nanotechnology research fr
46、om $250 million to $500 million over three years. Officials involved in planning the initiative hope that Clinton himself will announce it,possibly as early as September.所有的这点列入总统克林顿向国会明年二月的 2001财年，预算提案中的一个重要的纳米技术倡议。很快由机构间工作组发布的一份报告呼吁主动双纳米技术研究的政府开支从$ 250亿美元，超过三年的500万元。在规划主动希望克林顿本人将宣布可能于今年 9月，涉案官员The
47、 NSF will spend $80 million this year on nanotechnology research, while the Department of Defense spends $60 million and the Department of Energy $54 million. These figures suggest that total US government spending has doubled since 1997, when a study by the World Technology division of Loyola Colle
48、ge estimated total government spending at $116 million. Japan spent $128 million in 1997 and Western Europe $120 million, according to the study. But Rico says that spending in each region of the world has grown sharply since then. NSF将斥资 8000万美元的，今年的纳米技术研究上，而国防部花费60万美元和 5400万美元，能源部。这些数字表明，美国的政府开支总额
49、自 1997年以来，当一个 Loyola学院世界技术部门的研究估计，在政府总开支为 1.16亿美元增加了一倍。在 1997年和西欧的 1.2亿美元的日本花 1.28亿美元，根据这项研究。但境内说，自那时以来大幅增长，在世界各地区的消费。The European Union, Germany and Japan each have very focused efforts in nanotechnology,” Williams says, adding that the US government research effort has lacked coordination, so that “some areas of research are being ignored completely”.欧盟，德国和日本都有非常集中在纳米技术领域的努力， “威廉姆斯说，补充说，美国政府的研究工作缺乏协调，因此， ”研究的一些领域完全被忽略了“。However, the Loyola study found that the United States led the world
