1、How to WriteAbstract,What is abstract?,Basically, an abstract comprises one paragraph which describes the main content of a paper and appears at the very beginning of the paper. As electronic publication databases are the primary means of finding research papers in many subject areas today, abstract
2、s have become increasingly important. So everything relevant to potential readers should be in the abstract, everything else not.,STRUCTURE of Abstract,Classification of abstracts Structure of an informative abstract Features of an abstract,Structure of abstract | Classification of abstracts,informa
3、tive abstract - the primary research objective or purpose- method employed in solving the problems- principal findings or results- major conclusions and serves as a substitute for the full paperdescriptive abstractoutlines the topics covered in the paper and is like a table of contents in paragraph
4、form.,Structure of abstract |,Background why do you want to do the research?Research question what question are you trying to answer and what is the research topic of your paper?Method how (what material, what method, and what procedures) do you get answers to your research question?Results what is
5、your answer to the question?Conclusions what implications does the answer imply?,Structure of an informative abstract,Structure of abstract | Features of an abstract,Concise write everything relevant to the paper in as simple terms as possible.Objective states objectively the main points of the pape
6、r.Consistent be consistent with the other parts of the whole paper, and never include what has not been mentioned in the paper.Complete cover all the main points of the paper and be a miniature of the paper.Brief conveys in as few words as possible the essential information contained in the body of
7、the paper.,Useful EXPRESSIONS,To DEFINE the background and argument of the present study,Although (the research subject), (the related problem) is as yet undetermined.(The research subject), however, (the related problem) remains unsolved.(Previous studies) have examined, (the related problem) is th
8、at, despite(Problems in certain research area) are, yet (the present solution) has frequently been questioned becauseThis paper describes/presents (the argument) within (a theoretical context)While (the debate on certain research subject) seems to, (the present agreement) is still problematic.,To ST
9、ATE the purpose of the present study,This paper advances the view thatThe article advocates/discusses/develops/focuses on/gives detailed explanation for/investigates into/proposes/holds that/The purpose/intention of this paper isThe primary goal/aim of this research isThe overall objective of this s
10、tudy isIn this paper/study, we aim atThe work/investigation presented in this paper focuses onThis research is designed to determine/measure/evaluateThe author intends/attempts o outline the framework of/obtain some knowledge of,To DESCRIBE the angle of observing issues, from the angle of in the lig
11、ht of the context thatTo view something at a different angle/from various anglesFrom the point of view ofFrom the perspective of,To INTRODUCE the main participants or materials,The present study has investigated by using/analyzing (participants/materials)In this study, we inquired/examined/evaluated
12、 (participants/materials)The experiments/investigations of the present study involved (participants/materials),To DESCRIBE research method and procedures,Detailed information has been acquired by the authors using.Several sets of experiments have been performed to test the validity ofThe technique t
13、he author adopted is referred to asThe experiments consisted of four steps, which are described inThe method/approach used in the present study isThe experiment/investigation in the paper is conducted by adoptingThe procedure the present study followed can be briefly described asThe experiment/study
14、 consisted of the following steps: Included in the experiment wereBased on the idea that, we conducted the present study, categorized, and evaluated,To PRESENT results, findings and conclusion,The results of the experiment indicate/suggest that; it is also found thatThe results are as follows: The a
15、nalysis of the samples indicates that.The data obtained seem to be very similar o those reported earlier byIt is concluded that.; the results also imply the further study intoThe investigation/experiment varied by and the results also revealed thatThese findings of the research have led the author t
16、o the conclusion that,To PRESENT results, findings and conclusion,Based on/upon the outcome/findings of the research, The data/results obtained appear to, thus we may conclude thatAs a result of the current experiments, we conclude thatThe author points out/recommends/concludes thatIn summing up it
17、may be stated thatAll the preliminary results throw light on the nature ofThese findings of the research have naturally led the author to the conclusion that,SAMPLE Abstracts,The Sample of ABSTRACT,Abstract: This paper reports a longitudinal study on the changes in speaking vocabulary by English maj
18、ors through four years learning, which was then compared with the native speakers performance./ The English learners involved in the study were56 students who were enrolled in a university in 2001./They were asked to complete an oral task by producing a three-minute monologue after three minutes pre
19、paration in a language lab./ The native speakers were 15 American college students who accomplished the same task as the English learners./The developmental changes were measured in terms of three indexs: fluency ,word variations and lexical frequency profile. /,The Sample of ABSTRACT,The performanc
20、e on the three indexes on the three indexes of the across for years and the native speakers form a conyinuum. /However , Year Four students were significantly lower in fluency and word variations than native speakers ,but similar to the native speakers in lexical frequency profile. /The period betwe
21、en Year Two and Year Three saw the most noticeable progress. /The students with different starting levels of the three indexes varied in terms of their changes. /The low-level group mad greater progress than the middle-level group which produced slightly faster progress than the high-level group.,Th
22、e Translation of the SAMPLE,摘要:本研究采用英语专业学生四年的口语跟踪语料，用流利度、词汇多样性与词频广度三个指标分析词汇的使用，并与美国大学生的语料进行比较，旨在揭示其变化的趋势与特点。学习者语料来源于2001年入学的56名英语专业学生，他们每天在语言实验室里完成一篇议论文文体的口头作文。本民族语语料源于15名美国大学生，其口头作文的要求同于中国大学生，研究结果表明，学习者总体样本在流利度、词汇多样性和词频广度上的发展呈上升趋势，与本族语大学生的表现形成连续体。四年级学生在流利度和词汇多样性方面显著低于本族语大学生，但在词频广度上的差别与本族语大学生的差异不具有统
23、计意义。2-3年纪是三个指标变化的最佳时段。三个指标起点不同的组别，进行轨迹不完全相同。低起点组明显进步显著大于中起点组，中起点组稍高于高起点组。,Analysis the SAMPLE|,Background, Research question, Method, Results, Conclusions.,Structure of abstract |,Lets Review The SAMPLE,This paper reports a longitudinal study on the changes in speaking vocabulary by English majors t
24、hrough four years learning, which was then compared with the native speakers performance./ The English learners involved in the study were56 students who were enrolled in a university in 2001./They were asked to complete an oral task by producing a three-minute monologue after three minutes preparat
25、ion in a language lab./ The native speakers were 15 American college students who accomplished the same task as the English learners./The developmental changes were measured in terms of three indexs: fluency ,word variations and lexical frequency profile. /The performance on the three indexes on the
26、 three indexes of the across for years and the native speakers form a continuum. However, Year Four students were significantly lower in fluency and word variations than native speakers, but similar to the native speakers in lexical frequency profile. The period between Year Two and Year Three saw t
27、he most noticeable progress. /The students with different starting levels of the three indexes varied in terms of their changes. /The low-level group mad greater progress than the middle-level group which produced slightly faster progress than the high-level group.,Analysis the SAMPLE|,Concise Objec
28、tive Consistent CompleteBrief,Features of an abstract|,Analysis the SAMPLE | Features of an abstract,This paper reports a longitudinal study on the changes in speaking vocabulary by English majors through four years learning, which was then compared with the native speakers performance./ The English
29、 learners involved in the study were56 students who were enrolled in a university in 2001./They were asked to complete an oral task by producing a three-minute monologue after three minutes preparation in a language lab./ The native speakers were 15 American college students who accomplished the sam
30、e task as the English learners./The developmental changes were measured in terms of three indexs: fluency ,word variations and lexical frequency profile. /The performance on the three indexes on the three indexes of the across for years and the native speakers form a continuum. However, Year Four st
31、udents were significantly lower in fluency and word variations than native speakers, but similar to the native speakers in lexical frequency profile. The period between Year Two and Year Three saw the most noticeable progress. /The students with different starting levels of the three indexes varied in terms of their changes. /The low-level group mad greater progress than the middle-level group which produced slightly faster progress than the high-level group.,Thank you,For your Patience,
