1、英语语言学练习-语用学一、Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1.The contextual view is often considered as the initial effort to study meaning in a pragmatic sense. ()2.Pragmatics is related to and also different from semantics. ()3.The notion of context is not important to the pragm
2、atic study of language. ()4.All utterances take the form of sentences. ()5.Speech act theory was proposed by the British philosopher John Austin in the late 1950s. ()6.Grice made a distinction between what he called “constatives” and “performatives”. ()7.A locutionary act is the act of conveying lit
3、eral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon, and phonology. ()8.In their study of language communication, linguists are only interested in how a speaker expresses his intention and pay no attention to how his intention is recognized by the hearer. ()9.Directives are attempts by the speaker to get the h
4、earer to do something. ()10.The Cooperative principle was proposed by John Searle. ()11.There are four maxims under the Cooperative principle. ()12.The violations of the maxims make our language indirect. ()13.All the utterances take the form of sentences. ()14.Austin thought that stating was also a
5、 kind of act, and that we can perform with language. ()15.According to the speech act theory, when we are speaking a language, we are doing something, or in other words performing acts; and the process of linguistic communication consists of a sequence of acts. ()16.All the acts that belong to the s
6、ame category act share the same purpose or the same illocutionary act, and they are the same in their strength or force. ()17.All the utterances that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in the syntactic form. ()18.Conversation participants nearly always observe the CP and the maxims of th
7、e CP. ()19.A sentence is grammatical concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied as the abstract intrinsic property of the sentence itself in terms of a predication. ()20.Utterance is based on sentence meaning, it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situati
8、on of communication or simply in a context. ()21.As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, pragmatics can also be regarded as a kind of meaning study. ()22.Gradually linguists found that it would be impossible to give an adequate description
9、of meaning if the context of language use was left considered.23.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. ()24.Without the shared knowledge both by the speaker and the hearer, linguistic communication would not be po
10、ssible, and without considering such knowledge, linguistic communication cannot be satisfactorily accounted for in a semantic sense. ()25.An perlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention. ()26.According to Paul Grices idea, in making conversation, the participants must first of
11、all be willing to cooperate, otherwise, it would not be possible for them to carry on the talk. ()27.An illocutionary act is the consequence of or the change brought about by the utterance.【Keys】:1. T2. T3.F4.F5.T6.F7.T8.F9.T10.F11. T12.T13.F14.T15.T16. F17. T18.F19.T20.T21. T22.F23.T24.F25.F26. T27
12、. F二、Fill each of following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. The shared knowledge which constitutes context is of two types; the knowledge of the l_ they use, and the knowledge about the w_, including the general knowledge about the world and specific knowledge about the si
13、tuation in which linguistic communication is taking place.2. If we think of a sentence as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes an u_, and it should be considered in the situation in which it is actually used.3. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, t
14、he participants must first of all be willing to c_, otherwise, it would be impossible for them to carry on the talk. The general principle is called the c_ p_, abbreviated as CP.4. There are four maxims under the CP: the maxim of quantity, the maxim of q_, the maxim of relation and the maxim of m_.5
15、. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be r_.6. As the process of communication is essentially a process of conveying meaning in a certain context, p_ can be regarded as a kind of meaning study.7. If c_ is not considered, the study of meaning is restricted
16、to the area of traditional semantics.8. The meaning of an u_ is concrete and context-dependent.9. An i_ act is the act of expressing the speakers intention.10. According to Seale, s_acts fall into five general categories.11. C_ are those speech acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some futur
17、e course of action.12. To ask someone to pass a book is obviously a d_.13. According to Paul Grice, in making c_ the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.14. Most of the violations of the four maxims give rise to c_ implicatures.15. The significance of Grices c_ principle lies in t
18、hat it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey more than is literally said.【Keys】:1. language, word2. utterance3. cooperate, Cooperative Principle4. quality, mannar5. relevant6. pragmatics7. context8. utterance9. illocutionary10. speech11. Commissive12. dirextive13. conversation14. con
19、versational15. Cooperative三、There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement.1. _ resulted mainly from the eapansion of the study of linguistics, especially that of semantics.A. PragmaticsB. PragmatismC. PhonologyD. Practicalism2. Once the notion
20、of _ was taken into consideration, semantics spiiled into pragmatics.A. meaningB. contextC. formD. content3. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes _.A. a sentenceB. an actC. a unitD. an utterance4. A _ analysis of an utterance will reveal
21、what the speaker intends to do with it.A. semanticB. syntacticC. pragmaticD. grammatical5. _ act theory is an important theory in the pragmatic study of language.A. SpeakingB. SpeechC. SoundD. Spoken6. _ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.A. A locutionaryB. An illocutiona
22、ryC. A perlocutionaryD. A speech7. One of the contributions Searle has made is his classification of _ acts.A. locutionaryB. illocutionaryC. perlocutionaryD. speech8. The illocutionary point of _ is to express the psychological state specified in the utterance.A. directivesB. commisivesC. expressive
23、sD. declarations9. All the utterance that can be made to serve the same purpose may vary in their _ form.A. syntacticB. semanticC. grammaticalD. pragmatic10. The cooperative Principle is proposed by _.A. John SearleB. John AustinC. Paul GriceD. John Lyons11. Linguists found that it would be impossib
24、le to give an adequate description of meaning if the _ of language use was left unconsidered.A. brevityB. contextC. accuracyD. none of the above12. Of the three speech acts, linguistic are most interested in the _.A. locutionary actB. perlocutionary actC. illocutionary actD. none of the above13. The
25、 maxim of quantity requires: _.A. make your contribution ad informative as required.B. Do not make contribution more informative than is required.C. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.D. Both A and B.14. The maxim of quality requireds: do not say what you believe to be _.A. falseB.
26、 trueC. briefD. orderly15. Most of the violations of the maxims of the CP give rise to _.A. utterance meaningB. speech act theoryC. conversational implicaturesD. all of the above.16. The significance of Grices CP lies in that it explains how it is possible for the speaker to convey _ is literally sa
27、id.A. more thanB. less thanC. the same asD. none of the above.【Keys】:1. A2. B3. D4. C5. B6. C7. B8. C9. A10. C11. B12. C13. D14. A15. C16. A四、Define the following terms.1. context2. utterance meaning3. locutionary act4. illocutionary act5. perlocutionary act【Keys】:1. Context is regarded as constitut
28、ed by all kinds of knowledge assumed to be shared by the speaker and the hearer.2. Utterance meaning is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context; it is concrete and dependent on the context.3. A locutionary act is the act of u
29、ttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.4. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speakers intention; it is the act performed in saying something.5. A perlocuionary act is the act performed or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or resulting saying something.
