1、论文1)先后次序关系：at this time; first; second; at last; next；previously; simultaneously同时地; eventually；last but not least；to begin with；to start with；to end with；finally；seeing.由于，因为；since then；first of all；afterwards后来; following this; preceding先前的 ;originally最初的ultimate最终的，极限的，根本的2) 因果关系：because；because
2、of this；being that（口语）既然，因为；another important factorreason of. ； since； as； for； in that.； owing to由于，通常负面； due to由于； for the reason that.； in view of鉴于，考虑到 result from归因于the reason seems to be obvious; there are about. ；for this reason; as a result of this； therefore；.and so.； consequently所以，因此；as
3、a result； thus这样，如此，因而； hence因此； so；so that.； in consequence结果，结果； as a consequence； accordingly因此，于是，相应地; inevitably不可避免地; under theseconditions thereupon因此于是upon迫近3) 转折关系：but；even so；however；though；even though；independent of；reckless of不顾 ；despite that； in spite of that； regardless of不顾; yet.；and
4、yet； but unless. Nonetheless尽管如此4) 并列关系： and; also；too；as well as；either.，or.；both.and.5) (补充)递进关系： furthermore此外，而且；moreover而且，此外；further进一步地，此外；In this way ；still； not only.but also.； not.but.； in addition (to)；additionally, much more interesting, more specifically更具体地说, next, besides； as far as.
5、is concerned至于; moreover此外；in other words；along this line of consideration；on (the) one hand.在一方面，on the other hand.； even； as a saying goes.；in order to do it.; meanwhile同时； at the same time； accordingly因此； In the first place.，in the second place.;equally important; of even greater appeal.6) 比较关系：
6、similarly; in like manner, in comparison with；when compared with；compared with；when in fact.; like.； likewise同样地，也； similarly important； apart from (doing).； . rather than.，by doing so ；bothand.; in the same way; not only.but (also).7) 对照(不同点)：yet; still; for all of that; notwithstanding虽然，尽管; rathe
7、r当然，的确，宁愿，相当; neither . nor; although; though; but; however; something is just the other way around；yet; conversely相反的； unlike； opposed to; as opposed to this与不同 ； in contrast (to)； by way of；on the contrary；different from this； nevertheless然而，不过，虽然如此; contrary to； whereas但是，鉴于； while；but on the oth
8、er hand8) 举例关系:for example； for instance例如； in this case既然假若这样; namely也就是 instance例子实例换句话说； as you know； you may assay； as he explains； like； such as； a case in point is一个恰当的例子是.; consider.； in particular尤其特别；including.；for one thing.首先，for another.；put it simply；stated roughly粗糙地，概略地； as an illustr
9、ation， I will say.； a good example (of.)would be.；to detail this，I would like to.； It is interesting to note that.；in this situation; as proof; take the case of; take as example (something)； as for; as regards； as to； according to; on this occasion.9) 强调关系：in fact; especially；particularly特别，尤其；moreo
10、ver(此外)；naturally; what is more important；in reality事实上； certainly; of course; indeed; in particular；not to mention.；believe it or not；undeniably(无可置疑); other thing being equal；it is certainsure that.；to be strict; to be true；by definition; definitely明确地，肯定地; undoubtedly; without a doubt; in truth,
11、in any event(不论怎样); without reservation(毫无保留地); obviously, not only. but(also.), both. and.10) 条件关系: if；unless; lest；provided that；if it is the case；in this sense；once.；if possible；if necessary；if so；if not all; if anything.11) 归纳总结类： in a word / in sum / in short in brief / in conclusion / in summa
12、rytherefore因此，所以 / hence因此，今后to sum up / to conclude the conclusion can be drawn thatfor this reason / on the whole12) 地点关系：beyond; opposite to; adjacent邻近 to; at the same place; there; over; in the middle; around; in front of; in the distance; farther; here and there; above; below; at the right; be
13、tween; on this side.13) 目的关系：with this object无证; for this purpose; in order that; in this way, since; so that; on that account由于。缘故; in case万一; with a view to考虑到; for the same reason.14) 重申关系：in other words; that is to say; as I have said; again; once again.15) 结果关系：accordingly; thus; consequently(因
14、此); hence; therefore; thereupon; inevitably; under these conditions; as a result; as a consequence; because; because of; so that; not only.but (also.); so. as to.16) 顺序关系：first; second; thirdly; next; then; at the outset(在开始时)，following this; at this time; now; at this point; after; afterward后来; aft
15、er this; subsequently后来; lastly最终; finally; consequently所以，因此; before this; previously; preceding this; simultaneously同时地; concurrently(同时发生的)17) 时间关系：at once; immediately; at length终于，最后; in the mean time同时; meanwhile; at the same time; in the end; then; soon; not long after; later; at once; at las
16、t; finally; some time ago; at present; all of a sudden突然; from this time on; from time to time; since then; when; whenever; next point; a few minutes later; formerly; as; once; since; occasionally偶然地; in a moment; shortly立刻; whereupon于是，因此; previouslyHenceforth今后介词 prep. All of十足1.在.以前Only two days
17、remained before the examination.考前只剩下两天了。2.(指顺序、重要性等)在.之前,先于Your name comes before mine.你的名字在我之前。Pride comes before a fall.骄必败。3.由.考虑中We will put the matter before the committee.我将把此事提交委员会考虑。4.在.前面;在.面前She said she had never spoken before an audience.她说她从未在大庭广众讲演过。状语从句引导词时间状语从句when, as, while, as so
18、on as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词：the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day，the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner than, hardly when, scarcely when倒装 地点状语从句常用引导词：where 特殊引导词：Wherever, anywhere, everywhere原因状语从句常用引导词：because, since, as, for 特殊引导词：seeing that, now t
19、hat, in that, considering that, given that. 目的状语从句常用引导词：so that, in order that 特殊引导词：lest, in case, for fear that，in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that结果状语从句常用引导词：so that, such that, 特殊引导词：such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, 程度条件状语从句常用引导词：if, u
20、nless, 特殊引导词：as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that让步状语从句常用引导词：though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词： as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装)，while ( 一般用在句首 )，no matter ， in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whi
21、chever8 比较状语从句常用引导词：as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词：the more the more ; just as ， so; A is to B what /as X is to Y; no more than; not A so much as B 方式状语从句常用引导词：as, as if, how 特殊引导词：the wayFrom the invaders arrived, breathed our air, ate and drank, they were doomed. They were undone,destroyed,after al
22、l of mans weapons and devices had failed,by the tiniest creatures that God in his wisdom put upon this earth.By the toll of a billion deaths, man had earned his immunity, his right to survive among this planets infinite无限的 organisms有机体. And that right is ours against all challenges.For neither do me
23、n live nor die in vain.IN VAIN徒劳，白白pointpoint ? ?英音：p?int ? ?美音：p?nt ?名词 n.1.尖,尖端,尖头C(+of)Do you have a pencil with a sharper point?你有尖一点的铅笔吗?2.(空间的)一点,处,地方,位置C3.特点,特征CDancing is not her strong point.支撑点，据点她不擅长跳舞。4.(时间上的)一点,(特定)时刻;瞬间CU5.分数;(比赛等的)得分CIn the game we got ten points while the Medical Sch
24、ool got only three.比赛中我们得了十分,而医学院只得了三分。6.思想;论点C7.要点;中心思想the SHe missed the whole point of my speech.他完全没抓住我讲话的要点。8.意义;目的;用途U(+in/of)There is no point in complaining. They cant do anything to help you.抱怨于事无补;他们没办法帮助你。9.【数】点;小数点;标点C10.一小点,斑点C(+of)11.岬Ccape12.(电的)接触点;【英】插座及物动词 vt.1.把.指向,把.对准;瞄准(+at/tow
25、ards)Its rude to point your fingers at people.用手指指人是很不礼貌的。2.指出(+out)He pointed out that they were mistaken.他指出他们错了。3.强调(+up)emphasize动词stress4.弄尖,削尖She pointed the pencil for her sister.她给妹妹削铅笔。5.给.加标点;给.加小数点不及物动词 vi.1.指,指出,指明(+at/to)He pointed at the book he wanted.他指着他要的那一本书。2.指向,对准;朝向Q(+to/towards)The hands of the clock now pointed to half past three.这时时针指向三点半。3.显示,表明;证明(+at/to/towards)
