1、6-3 Collapse（崩塌）,一、Introduction The collapse is considered as a process of huge rock block rolling along mountain slop and stopping at the slope foot. The damage of collapse: building is damaged highway or railway is buried, so the traffic is intermitted blocking the river course,二、happening conditi
2、ons and influencing factors 1)deep slope 2) hard rock and soft rock distributing in turn. A great many joints existing near the slope surface,软硬岩层相间,不利的结构面组合,三 Prevention method 1)clearing the rock which is easy dropped using exploding and wedging 2)Injecting cement mortar to stabilize the dangerous
3、 rock body 3)To build protective wall to prevent falling rock,崩塌的防治方法,挡墙,护坡,支撑垛,钢轨插别,钢轨,拦石网,防崩塌明洞,6-4 mudflow（泥石流）,1 泥石流的基本概念2 泥石流的形成条件3 泥石流的防止方法,泥石流形成条件,形成区,汇水动力区,物质供给区,流通区,沉积区,河流,泥石流防治方法,格栅坝,拦挡墙,6-5 Karst and Earth cave （岩溶和土洞）,一、Definition of Karst and Karst shape Which is a geology phenomenon ca
4、used by the interaction between soluble rock and ground water or surface water.,石芽,落水洞,峰林平原,石林,钟乳石(Stalagmites) 和石笋(Stalactites),贵州省级风景名胜区九洞天（六仲河）,地下暗河,二.The formation condition of karst,1. Soluable rock and joints developing degree soluable rock： Carbonate rock (limestone, dolimite) Sulphate rock (
5、plaster stone) Rock salt Joint or cracks developed mean permeability of rock allow water to flow in them 2.The erosive co2 should be contained in water CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca2+ + 2HCO3- 3. Active ground water circulation,三、岩溶的发育规律, The relation with rock name 与岩性的关系 The relation with rock structure 与地
6、质构造的关系 The relation with resent crust movement 与新构造运动的关系 The relation with weather and topography 与气候及地形地貌的关系,四、the engineering evaluation of karst to the basement stability,可以不考虑岩溶影响的情况：采用荷载传递线交会法（图解法）,case 1: The cave is filled with the materials and upper plates are in weak condition,case 2-1 The
7、 upper plate is stable(no cracks) , but cant be full of the material,五、 the prevention method,When the evaluation has proved that H is smaller that expected and building location cant be moved. Then the cave must be treated with following methods filling with rock or concrete in cave surmounting (跨越)the cave pouring concrete or gravel with borehole pile foundation,回填溶洞,浆砌片石或混凝土,岩溶的防治方法,
