1、一、前缀1 表示“否定或逆转”de-defrost (给除霜)decentralize (分散)dis-disagree (不同意)discover (发现)in-incorrect不正确的indirect (间接的)il-illegal (非法的)illogical (不合逻辑的、im-imbalance (不平衡)immature (未成熟的) impatient (不耐烦的)impossible (不可能的)ir-irregular (不规则的) irre1evant (不相关的)mis-misuse (错用)misunderstand (误解)non-nonsense (胡说)nons
2、moker (不抽烟的人)un-uncertain (不确定的) unlock (开的锁)注 il- im-和ir-为in-的变体形式 il-用在l前,im-用在b、m和P前,而ir-则用在r前。2. 表示“时间顺序”ex-ex-president (前总统)ex-wife (前妻)fore-foretell (预言)foresee (预见)mid-midday (正午)midterm (期中)post-postgraduate (研究生)postwar (战后的)pre-precaution (预防措施) prewar (战前的)re-recall (回忆)rebuild (重建)3 表示“
3、方向或位置”ex-export (出口)exc1ude (排除)extra-extranuclear (核外的) extraordinary (非同寻常的)in-inland (内地的)invade (浸入)im-immigrate (移入)import (进口)inter-international (国际的)interaction (相互作用)intra-intranuclear (核内的)intrastate (州内的)sub-subway (地铁)submarine (潜水艇)tele-telescope (望远镜)television (电视机)trans-transatlantic
4、 (横渡大西洋)transcultural (跨文化的)4 表示“程度、大小或差别关系”macro-macroeconomics (宏观经济学)macromolecule (大分子)micro-microeconomics (微观经济学)microscope (显微镜)mini-minibus (小公共汽车)miniskirt (超短裙)out-outnumber (数量超过)outdo (胜过)over-overwork (工作过度)overuse (过多使用)super-supersonic (超声速的)superpower (超级大国)ultra-ultraradical (极端激进的)
5、ultrasonic (超声波的)under-underestimate (低估)underdeveloped (不发达的)vice-vice-president (副总统)vice-principal (副校长)5 表示“数量”bi-bicycle (自行车)bimonthly (双月刊)centi-centigrade (百分度的)centimeter (厘米)kilo-kilometer (千米)kilogram (千克)mono-monop1ane (单翼机)monorail (单轨)multi-multifunctional (多功能的)multinational (多国的)poly
6、-polyphase (多相的)polysyllable (多音节词)semi-semiconductor (半导体)semiofficial (半官方的)tri-triangle(三角形)tricycle (三轮车)uni-unicycle (独轮车)unilateral (单方的)6 表示“方式或态度”anti-antiwar (反战的)antiaircraft (防空的)auto-autobiography (自传)automobile (汽车)co-cooperate (合作)coexistence (共存)con-connection (连接)concentrate (集中)col-
7、colleague(同事)collect(收集)com-combine (结合)common(共同的)companion (同伴)compress(压紧)cor-correct (改正)corre1ate(相关)contra-contraceptive (避孕的)contradiction (反驳)counter-counterattack反攻countermeasure (对策)(注) col- com- 和cor为con- 的变体形式。col- 用在1前,com- 用在b、m和p前,而cor- 则用在r前。7 变换词类的前缀be-befriend (对以朋友相待)belittle (轻视)
8、en-enable (使能够)endanger (危及)em-embitter (怨愤)empower (使能够)(注) be- ,en- 和em-均可加在名词或形容词前,使其变为动词。 be- 表示“使(显得)”、“视作”等意思;en-和em-(用在b、m和p前)表示“使(成为)”“使处于状态” 等意思。8其他的bio-biochemistry(生物化学) biology(生物学)mal-malnutrition(营养不良) maltreat(虐待)pseudo-pseudoscience(伪科学的)pseudopregnant(假妊姃的)therm(o)-thermionic(热离子的)t
9、hermometer(温度计)二、后缀1 常见的名词后缀(1) 表示“人或物”-anAmerican (美国人)historian(历史学家)-arianhumanitarian (人道土义者) vegetarian (素食者)-ianChristian基督教徒grammarian(语法学家)-antassistant (助手)coolant (冷却剂)-entcorrespondent (通信者) resident (居民)-eeemployee (雇员)trainee (受培训者)-erreceiver (接收机)speaker (发言人)-orsailor (水手)actor (演员)-
10、arscholar (学者)beggar (乞丐)-eseJapanese (日本人)Portuguese (葡萄牙人)-essactress (女演员)hostess (女主人)-istsocialist (社会主义者)novelist (小说家)(2) 表示“性质、状态、动作、行为等” (构成抽象名词)-abilitysuitability (适宜性)washability (可洗性)-ibilitypossibility (可能性)reducibility (可减少性)-agemarriage (结婚)shortage (不足)-alarrival (到达)refusal (拒绝)-an
11、ceaccepance (接受)importance (重要性)-encedependence (依靠)existence (存在)-ancycxpectancy (期待)ascendancy (优势)-encyconsistency (致)tendency (趋势)-cybankruptcy (破产)captaincy (上尉衔)-domfreedom (自由)chiefdom (首领的地位)-erybravery (勇敢)robbery (抢劫)-hoodchildhood (童年)likelihood (可能性)-ionconstruction(建造)election (选举)-itio
12、naddition (加)composition (组成)-ationalteration (改变)civilization (文明)-ismsocialism (社会主义)criticism (批评)-(i)tycertainty (确信)regularity (规则性)-mentmovement (运动)encouragement (鼓励)-nesscarelessness (粗心)kindness (仁慈)-shipfriendship (友谊)leadership (领导)-ureexposure (暴露)failure (失败)(3) 表示“场所”-ageanchorage (锚地)
13、orphanage (孤儿院)-eryfishery (渔场)refinery (提炼厂)(4) 表“学科”-icselectronics (电子学)physics (物理学)-(o)logybiology(生物学)Egyptology (埃及学)(5) 表示“数量”-fulhandful (一把)roomful(满房间)2 常见的动词后缀表示“使(成为)”“使化”-enstrengthen (加强)weaken (使变弱)-ifyc1assify (分类)simplify (简化)-izemodernize (使现代化)realize (实现)(注) -ize 在英国英语中也拼作-ise。3
14、 常见的形容词后缀(1) 表示“具有性质的”-aleducational (教育的)natural (自然的)-anAmerican (美国的)republican (共和政体的)-arianhumanitarian (人道主义的)vegetarian (吃素的)-ianChristian (基督教的)Italian (意人利的)-antpleasant (令人愉快的)resistant (抵抗的)-entdifferent (不同的)excellent (杰出的)-arycustomary (习惯上的)imaginary (想象中的)-orycontradictory (矛盾的)compul
15、sory (强制性的)-ateconsiderate (考虑周到的)fortunate (幸运的)-eseJapanese (日本的)Portuguese (葡萄牙的)-ic(al)heroic(英勇的)historical (历史的)-somequarrelsome (喜欢争吵的)troublesome (令人烦恼的)注-ic与-ical虽属同义后缀,但有时含义不尽相同,试比较historic和historical, economic和economica1,(2) 表示“充满或缺乏”-freedutyfree (免税的)worry-free (无忧无愁的)-fulhopeful (有希望的)
16、useful (食用的)-lesshopeless(没有希望的)useless (无用的)-(i)ousdangerous (危险的)various (各种各样的)-ydirty (肮脏的)hairy (多毛的)(3) 表示“类似”-ishchildish (幼稚的)greenish (稍带绿色的)-likechildlike (天真的)starlike (星形的)-lybrotherly (兄弟般的)friendly (友好的)(4) 表示“主、被动意义”-ableavoidable (可避免的)believable (可相信的)-ibledivisible (可分的)resistible (抵抗得住的)-ivecorrective (纠正的)instructive (有教育意义的)(5) 表示“由制成的”-enwooden (木制的)woolen (羊毛的)(6) 表示“方向”-warddownward (向下的)eastward (向东的)4 常见的副词后缀-lyslowly (慢慢地)strongly 强烈地-ward(s)downward(s) (向下地)eastward(s) (向东)-wiseclockwise (顺时针)likewise (同样地)注 -ward用作副词后缀,主要是美国英语的用法。8