ImageVerifierCode 换一换
格式:PPT , 页数:32 ,大小:612KB ,
资源ID:11272073      下载积分:10 金币
快捷下载
登录下载
邮箱/手机:
温馨提示:
快捷下载时,用户名和密码都是您填写的邮箱或者手机号,方便查询和重复下载(系统自动生成)。 如填写123,账号就是123,密码也是123。
特别说明:
请自助下载,系统不会自动发送文件的哦; 如果您已付费,想二次下载,请登录后访问:我的下载记录
支付方式: 支付宝    微信支付   
验证码:   换一换

加入VIP,免费下载
 

温馨提示:由于个人手机设置不同,如果发现不能下载,请复制以下地址【https://www.docduoduo.com/d-11272073.html】到电脑端继续下载(重复下载不扣费)。

已注册用户请登录:
账号:
密码:
验证码:   换一换
  忘记密码?
三方登录: 微信登录   QQ登录   微博登录 

下载须知

1: 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。
2: 试题试卷类文档,如果标题没有明确说明有答案则都视为没有答案,请知晓。
3: 文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
5. 本站仅提供交流平台,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

版权提示 | 免责声明

本文(急性上呼吸道感染(英文).ppt)为本站会员(精品资料)主动上传,道客多多仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对上载内容本身不做任何修改或编辑。 若此文所含内容侵犯了您的版权或隐私,请立即通知道客多多(发送邮件至docduoduo@163.com或直接QQ联系客服),我们立即给予删除!

急性上呼吸道感染(英文).ppt

1、,Respiratory System Disorders,Pediatric pulmonary diseases account for almost 50% of deaths in children under age 1 year and 20% of all hospitalization of children under age 15 years.,Bryce et al. WHO estimates of the causes of death in children. Lancet 2005,Respiratory tract infections represent th

2、e most common infections of childhood and range from trivial to life threatening illness. Other diseases of this system include asthma, disorders of pleura or pleura cavity, lung tumor, congenital abnormality.,Anatomy and Physiology of Respiratory System,The knowledge of basic respiratory physiology

3、 and anatomy is one of the basic requirements for correct interpretation of symptoms and physical signs and in the attainment of an age appropriate differential diagnosis. There are a number of significant anatomic and physiological differences between children and adults that have impact on assessm

4、ent and management. The child is not only physically smaller but also has immature respiratory systems with fewer reserves than those of the adult.,Normal anatomyRespiratory system is divided into upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract by cricoid cartilage. upper respiratory tract: nose

5、, nasal sinuses, pharynx, pharyngotympanic tube , epiglottis , larynx lower respiratory tract: trachea, bronchus, bronchiole , respiratory brochiole, alveolar ductules , alveolus,Nasal passage is shorter, no vibrissa , mucosa has a rich vascularity-liable to infection Nasal passage is narrow-liable

6、to obstruction, resulted dyspnea. Nasal sinus ostia is large-nasosinusitis. pharyngotympanic tube is broader, straighter, shorter and horizontal-otitis media . pharyngeal tonsils :start to enlarge at the end of 1 year, peak at 4 to 10 year-old, degeneration at 1415 years old-tonsillitis rarely occur

7、s in infants. Larynx is in a shape of funnel and narrow, cartilage is flexible, mucosa is tender and rich of vessel-laryngeal edema and narrow,Trachea and bronchus are narrower than those of adult; cartilage is flexible, lack of elasticity tissue, supporting action is weak Airway wall account for 30

8、% of Airway wall area in children, 15% in adult. mucosa is tender and rich of vessel. The right main bronchus is more vertical and broader than the left and it offers an easier passage for aspirated foreign bodiers. Bronchiole has not cartilage- easy to collapse, result to retention of gas and effec

9、t the exchange of gas. The amount and size of alveolus is less and small. Chest is shorter and in a barrel shape, has a smaller scope of activities,The airway are lined with an epithelial membrane that gradually changes from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the bronchi to a ciliated

10、cuboidal epithelium near the gas-exchanging units. The three lobes (upper, middle and lower) of right lung has separated by the horizontal and oblique fissures, respectively.,The left lung has two major lobes (upper and lower) separated by an oblique fissure, and the upper lobe is itself divided int

11、o upper and lingular lobes. The right lung and the left lung project low down behind the dome of the diaphragm and peak behind the clavicles.,Normal physiology The principal function of the lung is to carry through gas exchange, which is to enrich the blood with oxygen and cleanse it of carbon dioxi

12、de. An essential feature of normal gas exchange is that the volume and distribution of ventilation are appropriate.,The extrathoracic components of the respiratory tree trend to collapse inwards during inspiration and open during expiration. Therefore, if the extrathoracic airway is obstructed, the

13、obstruction is first evident during inspiration and, as the airway further narrows, obstruction occurs during both phases of breathing.,By the action of respiratory muscles the intrathoracic airways are actively opened during inspiration. In addition, surfactant reduces the surface tension of the al

14、veoli, thereby reducing the effort to keep the alveoli open during inspiration. During expiration, the airways tend to collapse because of the natural elasticity of the lung. Therefore, partial obstruction of the intrathoracic airways causes earlier closure of the airways during expiration and resul

15、ts in air-trapping with eventual over inflation of the lung.,Acute upper respiratory tract infection,The upper respiratory tract comprises the nose, throat, tonsils, pharynx, and sinuses. Acute upper respiratory infection (also called common cold syndrome) is very common in all paediatric age groups

16、. The nose and pharynx are the most common sites of infection.,Etiology,Viruses: respiratory syncytical virus, rhinovirus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, and influenza virus. Bacterial: streptococcus,Clinical manifestations,The commom cold :running nose, nasal congestion, sore throat, lacrimation,

17、 cough, and sneezing,low grade fevervomiting, diarrhea, abdomen painsconvulsion,Special types of AURI: 1)herpangian: cause by coxsackievirusfever, extreme irritability, poor appetitesmall blister , ulcers on the lips, gums and tongue.,2) pharyngo-conjunctival fever: caused by adenovirus type 3 or ty

18、pe 7.fever, pharyngitis, conjunctivitisswollen lymph nodes/glandgastrointestinal symptoms,Complication,Otitis media Infectious laryngitis Peritonsillar abscess Pneumonia Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis Rheumatic fever,Laboratory test,Virus: white blood cell count is usually normal to low; viru

19、s isolation and serum test can confirm the agent. Bacteria: white blood cell count may increase. Pathogenic bacteria can also be cultured from pharyngeal swabs or throat washings. ASO titer is increased after streptococcus infection.,Diagnosis and differential diagnosis,Diagnosis is made by clinical

20、 manifestation. But the following may be considered for differential diagnosis: 1.Influenza: influenza infection is easiy recognized during epidemics. In older children produces a syndrome of sudden onset of high fever, severe myalgia, headache, and chills. Parainfluenza virus or influenza virus cou

21、ld be found.,2. Earlier period of acue infectious disease:Epidemics, clinical manifestations, and laboratory findings may be arrived at the diagnosis. Pay attention to state of the illness.,3.Acute appendicitis: Abdominal pain may present before fever. Localization of pain to the hypogastric region.

22、 Abdominal muscle is tense with fixed tenderness. White blood cell counts may increase.,Treatment,General therapy: rest, ensure an adequate fluid intake, and prevent complication. Pathogenic therapy: Antivirus: Clinically used anti-virus drugs include virazole (ribavirin), persantine and interferon.

23、 The drug could be used for 3 to 5 day. If it is caused by hemolytic streptococci, penicillin should be used for 10 to 14 days.,Symptomatic management: Fever is controlled by antipyretics, such as compound aminopyrine, and paracetamol. Alcohol sponging also is used. Some oral laryngopharynx drug cou

24、ld be given to control sore throat. Chinese herb: banlan gen, daqing ye and so on can antivirus and relieve toxicity symptom.,Acute Bronchitis,Acute bronchitis is an infection of he bronchial mucous membranes. It may be complication of acute upper respiratory infection, or clinical situation of acut

25、e infection disease. Because trachea is usually involved at the same time, so it is also defined as acute tacheobronchitis. This disorder appears to be more common in younger children.,Etiologybacteria VirusRhinitis, sinusitis, rickets, malnutrition can promote the illness progress.,Clinical manifes

26、tationscoughsputum production, vomiting, malaise, fever, diarrhea.dyspnea and cyanosis are rare. Infant: tachypnea, recession, apnea.physical sign: intermittent cyanosis, crepitation, wheeze, dehydration, hepatomegaly,Asthmatic bronchitis: (1) most patients had suffer from eczema or other allergic i

27、llness before 3 years old. (2) symptoms like asthma. (3) repeated episode.,Chest X-ray Normal Lung markings thicken Hyperinflation,Treatment 1.gerneral therapy: rest, inhalation oxygen and adequate hydration 2.control infection anti-virus therapy or antibiotics. 3.symptomatic management: control cough, dilute sputum; control asthma, aminophylline, bricanyl, inhaled steroids, B2-adrenoceptor agonists. prednisone,

本站链接:文库   一言   我酷   合作


客服QQ:2549714901微博号:道客多多官方知乎号:道客多多

经营许可证编号: 粤ICP备2021046453号世界地图

道客多多©版权所有2020-2025营业执照举报