1、3. Lexical features,1.Archaic words2.borrowed words(Latin and French)3.technical terms (法律术语和行话)4.some everyday words with special meanings5.frequent use of set phrases or coordination of words 6.frequent lexical repetition,1.频繁使用当代普通英语中极少使用的古旧词汇(old words),Hereinafter in this document and after thi
2、s point 以下,在下文中Thereinafter in the following part 在下文,以下Thereof from it; of it 由此, 因此; 属于它的, 关于它的Thereat at that point, place, or time 在那边,因此Wherefore for what reason 为此, 因此Whereat at which 因何,为何;在那里,对那个Wherein in which 其中, 在那里, 在哪方面Whereinto 无论进到哪里 Wheresoever wherever 何处, 无论何处 -here- , there- ,whe
3、re- + at, by, on, of, in, to, so, from, after, before, about,- (adverb+prep)=-compound(adverb),1.频繁使用当代普通英语中极少使用的古旧词汇(old words),1.以there为词根的古旧词:thereabout(大约),thereafter(之后),thereat(在那里),thereby(因此),therefor(为此),therefore(因此),therein(在其中),thereon(在其上),thereto(到那里),theretofore(直到那时),thereunto(在那里)(相
4、当于in the documentplace referred to),thereunder(在其下,据此),thereupon(就该事),therewith(与此);2.以where为词根的词:where-as(鉴于)(相当于given the fact that),whereat(在那里,对那个),whereby(藉以,凭那个),whereof(关于某事)whereon(在那上面);3.witness(证据证明)(以签名或宣誓方式作证时用,如In witness whereof,I have set my hand);witnesseth(证明)(意为提供某事的正式证据,在古英语的陈述句中
5、,该词作为第三人称单数的动词)pursuant to(按照);such(上述的,如此的);thence(从那里,因此),thenceforth(从那时起,此后),Examples in the contract,C:UsersAdministratorDesktopPassage one.doc,2.频繁使用拉丁词或短语(latin-borrowings),这类词主要有:affidavit(誓章,证词)inter alia(就中,除了别的外)alias(别名)per diem(每日)alibi(在不犯罪现场)prima facie(表面的)bona fide(真诚)quorum(法定人数)pr
6、oviso(但书)sine die(无限期)habeas corpus(人身保护令)versus(对,诉)in flagrante delicto(当场,在作案时)writ of fieri facias(财物扣押令),2.频繁使用拉丁词或短语(latin-borrowings),但还有很大一部分拉丁词是人们日常生活中极少使用或很少有机会接触到的。例如:ex parte(单方面的)res ipsa loquitur(事情不言而明的)ex post facto(事实上的)pari passuguardian ad litem(法定监护人)in remin locum parentis(处于代理父
7、母的地位)in pesonnaminter partes(各方之间)ipso factoper stirpes(按照血缘、祖先)verbatim (record)逐字逐句的(记录)res inter alios(与本案无关的),2.大量使用大众词汇中比较陌生的法语词(French-borrowings),actiondescentagreementdeviseappealeasementarrestevidencearsonexecutionassaultfelonyattorneygoals (jails)batterygrantbillguaranteeclaimguardiancondi
8、tionheir,contractinfantcounseljudgecountjudgmentcourtjurorcovenantjusticecrimelarcenydamageliendebtmarriagedeclarationmisdemeanour,2.大量使用大众词汇中比较陌生的法语词(French-borrowings),pleadingsuitpledgetortpolice treasonpossession trespassprison verdictproperty,defendant moneydemand noteobligation purchasepardonr
9、eprievepartiesrobberypartnersentencepaymentservantplaintiffslanderC:UsersAdministratorDesktopPassage one.doc,3.大量使用专业术语(technical terms),agency(代理权)alibi(不在犯罪现场)alias summons(以别名传召)appeal(上诉)bail(保释,保释金)landlord/lessor(业主)common counts(普通罪)tenant/lessee(租客/房客)defendant(被告)letters patent(专利证书)demrrer
10、(抗辩)master and servant(雇主与雇员)fee simple(无条件继承的不动产)month-to-month tenancy(按月租赁)fee tail(限定继承的不动产)negotiable instrument(可转让票据,3.大量使用专业术语 (technical terms),fictitious defendant(假名被告)plaintiff(原告)guarantee(担保,保证书)principal and surety(主债务人及担保人)habeas corpus(人身保护令)surrender(交出)guarantor(保证人)tort(侵权行为)judi
11、cial notice(司法认知)voir dire(忠实回答宣誓,预先审查)laches(就行使权利方面的懈怠或延误),3.经常使用法律行话,alleged(被指称/指控的)argumentative(好争辩的)alter ego(另一自我)at issue(争论点)bail exonerated(免除保释金)issue of law(法律问题)blackacre某(虚构的)地产/物业pierce the corporate veil(掀开公司面纱)breaking and entering(破门侵入)purported(据称的)came on for hearing(出庭聆讯/听证/听讯)
12、pursuant to stipulation(根据规定 ),3.经常使用法律行话,case(案件)record(记录/案底)cause of action(诉讼原因)reversed and remanded(推翻判决并还押监房)damages(赔偿金)superior court(高级法院)due care(适当地小心)well settled(满意解决/授产安排)inferior court(下级法院)without prejudice(在不影响/损害情况下)issue of fact(事实问题),4.经常使用的普通词并无普通词的意义,普通词 专有的法律概念action(行动) law
13、suit(诉讼)avoid(逃避) cancel(废止)consideration(考虑) benefit to promisor or detriment to promise(对价,要约)counterpart(对立角色)duplicate of a document(副本)covenant(盟约) sealed contract(盖印合同)demise(死亡) to lease(转让)demur(反对) to file a demurrer(抗辩)executed(实行) signed and delivered(盖印使契约生效),4.经常使用的普通词并无普通词的意义,普通词 专有的法律
14、概念hand(手) signature(签名)instrument(工具)legal document(法律文本)letters(字母) document authorizing one to act(许可证书)master(主人)employer(雇主)motion(运动)formal request for action by a court(请求/动议)party(党派)person contracting or litigating(合约方)plead(恳求)file pleadings(申辩)prayer(祷文)form of pleading request addressed t
15、o court(诉讼请求),4.经常使用的普通词并无普通词的意义,普通词 专有的法律概念presents(礼物) this legal document(本文件)provided(提供)word of introduction to a proviso(但,除非)purchase(购买)to acquire realty by means other than descent(置得不动产)said(说)mentioned before(上述)save(节省)except(除外)serve(服务)deliver legal papers(送达)specialty(专业)sealed contra
16、ct盖印文据tenement(公寓住房)estate in land(地产物业)C:UsersAdministratorDesktopPassage one.doc,4.经常使用的普通词并无普通词的意义,如何辨别这些具有特殊法律意义的普通词汇?当然,这并非一件易事,需要一定的专门篇幅加以阐述。但除了上述的“语境分析”以外,可作为补充的原则还有两条:1)熟悉所涉及的普通型词汇的专门意义2)逻辑推理。,5.大量使用配对词、三联词以表达单一的法律概念,法律文书中的配对词(couplets/doubletslegal pairs)和三联词(triplets)指用两个或三个意思相近或相同的赘词(taut
17、ology)构成一个短语以表达法律上本来只需要一个词就能表达的概念。,5.大量使用配对词、三联词以表达单一的法律概念,在翻译中,这类词原则上都可以合二为一或合三为一来处理。当然,并非所有看似配对词和三联词都一定只有一个意义。许多看似配对词或三联词的近义词其法律上的含义在某种程度上还是有差异的。,5.大量使用配对词、三联词以表达单一的法律概念,以下是最为常见的可以在翻译中做合二为一或合三为一处理的法律上的配对词和三联词。acknowledge and confess aid and abetaid and comfortalter and changeauthorise and empower,
18、5.大量使用配对词、三联词以表达单一的法律概念,give,devise and bequeathgoods and chattelshad and receivedhave and holdhold and keepbreaking and enteringcancel,annul and set asidecease and desistfair and equitablefalse and untrue,hue and crykeep and maintainlet or hindrancedeem and considereach and alleach and everymind an
19、d memorynew and novelnull and void,5.大量使用配对词、三联词以表达单一的法律概念,remise,release and quitclaimrequest and requirerest,residue and remainderright,interest and titlesave and exceptseriously and gravelysole and exclusivewill and testamentC:UsersAdministratorDesktopPassage one.doc,final and conclusivefit and p
20、roperforce and effectforgive and pardonfraud and deceitfree and clearand completefull,true and correct,6. 频繁出现词汇重复现象for making clear the “who” and the “what”, non or rare use of pronouns, such as he, she, they, we,butyoucan be seen in mmany contracts.E.g.The servants liability stems from the duty ow
21、ed to a third person under the law enquiring the servant to act so as not to injure others.Party A shall assist the JV Company in purchasing certain equipment, including the sale by Part A of the auxiliary equipment and facilities listed in Appendix I ( the / Party A Equipment0 ) . Party A warrants
22、that it shall only sell the Party A Equipment to the JV Company at fair market price following Party Bs confirmation of the valuation of the Party A Equipment. Party A hereby further warrants that the Party A Equipment shall be in good condition and, 7. rare use of emotional adjective or adverbial intensifiers8. frequent use of or9. frequent use of “shall” to indicate obligationC:UsersAdministratorDesktopPassage one.doc,