1、学术论文讲座：结论学术论文写作：结论一、结论的构成要素如果一下内容比较详尽，需要分小节论述(1) 第一段，即结论部分的开场白，概括说明：本课题的研究论题、意义与价值、研究内容。(2) 第二其后几段，具体地说明：本研究或者证明了什么假设或理论，或者根据什么理论得出了什么结论，解决了什么实际问题。(3) 启示（这部分可能没有，可能有）对教学、对语言实践、对翻译等等。(3) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。(4) 展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。二、写作方法：（1） 、 （2）部分是对“摘要”的扩写。展望是对局限的回答。范文： A Cognitive Study on Conce
2、ptual Metaphor in English and Chinese Sports News参考摘要Abstract: This paper, based on Lakoffs conceptual metaphor theory and Steens five-step procedure for metaphor identification （理论视角/ 指南）, makes a comparative study （总研究方法）of conceptual metaphor in English and Chinese sports news （总研究目标/目的）. By anal
3、yzing 50 English and 50 Chinese sports news, specifically about basketball and football matches （具体方法 1：语料分析统计）, we find a distributional （分目标 1）similarity of English and Chinese conceptual metaphors （发现/结果）. They fall into the following seven types: war, human, orientation, journey, drama, animal t
4、hrone metaphors, among which, the occurrence of war metaphor far distinguishes the others （具体 /结果 1）. But the percentages of the different metaphors are not even in English and Chinese（具体/ 结果 2）. Take the metaphor of war as a case （具体方法 2：案例分析法）, the thesis attempts to find the cognitive motivation
5、for sports as wars （分目标 2）and discovers the six foundations of mapping process from wars to sports: similar participant relation; similar narrative process; similar purposes; similar approaches; similar results; and similar supporters (结果 3). 结论部分Chapter 5 ConclusionTo understand the conceptual meta
6、phors in English and Chinese sports news (论题) ，the research makes a 英语专业学术论文写作：结论comparative study（总研究方法）based on Lakoffs conceptual metaphor theory and Steens five-step procedure for metaphor identification （理论视角 /指南）. The investigation about the distribution of metaphors on sports news was conduct
7、ed by analyzing 50 English and 50 Chinese sports news, specifically about basketball and football matches （具体方法1：语料分析统计）, and the exploration into the motivation of metaphors was tackled through a case study. We reach the following findings. (这个开场白非常有必要)5.1 FindingsFirstly, English and Chinese have
8、the similar typical types of conceptual metaphors of sports（具体/结果1）: war metaphor, human metaphor, orientation metaphor, journey metaphor, throne metaphor, drama metaphor, animal metaphor and etc. Among them, war metaphor takes up the majority of the conceptual metaphor in both English and Chinese s
9、ports news. Chinese data have seven types of metaphors, including war metaphor, human metaphor, orientation metaphor, journey metaphor, drama metaphor, throne metaphor and animal metaphor. However, the English data covers six types of them, with only throne metaphor excluded. This reveals that the c
10、ognitive patterns of both Chinese people and the western people have some similarities since different languages with different linguistic forms may convey the same concepts based on similar psychological mentality.Secondly, uneven percentages of different metaphors are found in English and Chinese
11、sports（具体/ 结果2）. It is identified in Table 3.1 of Chapter 3, war metaphor with the percentage of 62.59%, orientation metaphor with the percentage of 12.14% and throne metaphor with the percentage of 6.80% are the top three metaphors in Chinese data, among which war metaphor takes up the majority. Co
12、mpared with Chinese data, war metaphor, human metaphor, and orientation metaphor win the favors of the English journalists, which take up the percentage of 63.11%, 13.93%, and 12.70% respectively. War metaphor is also far more than the other two in English sports news. Thirdly, the cognitive motivat
13、ion for sports as wars （分目标 2）is mapping process from wars to sports: similar participant relation; similar narrative process; similar purposes; similar approaches; similar results; and similar supporters (结果 3). 5.2 LimitationsThere are still some limitations in the study.Firstly, the amount of dat
14、a is still not enough which may possibly influence the effect of the analysis result. (如果文中涉及到了data, 则谈其数量有限)Secondly, though the samples are all drawn from the authoritative newspapers or websites in English and Chinese, the writing styles of each published works may be a little different, which ma
15、y more or less affect the frequencies of the occurrence of metaphors. Hence larger scaled corpus would be of more validity on the selection and the identification of this kind of research. （承上，data收集的来源是否全面，或者有所局限？）Thirdly, for the limitations of the cognition of metaphor, there might be disagreemen
16、t on the grouping of some metaphors.Fourthly, the thesis has found the different occurrences of different metaphors and the major reason for this 英语专业学术论文写作：结论phenomenon, and there surely are more reasons lying behind the cultural differences. However, this thesis does not go on to dig it more deepl
17、y for the limitation of time. （现象背后的理论论证是否充分？现象背后的理据阐述是否全面，因为什么？）Finally, the time span （由于研究时间、理论认识所引起的不足）that this study covers may not be long enough. Language is dynamic and changing and there are even changes every moment. Further studies may cover a longer time span. However, the author does h
18、ope that this paper may serve as a reference for further studies and provide some instructional guidance for sports news readers.5.3 Suggestions for Further StudyDefined by the purpose of the thesis, the present study can not expound on every issue concerned, thus leaving much space for improvement.
19、 As to the limitations stated above, we hope that the future study can collect materials of some different styles （data 量和种类） and from different fields （来源）, such as, the daily news, the law, the politics, and so on; or to collect the spoken discourses, such as, the interviews, the speeches, and so
20、on. Also, the future study should be based on two separate corpora of English and other language news (other than Chinese) to make a contrastive study to see whether the metaphorical mapping from the same source domain can show up in the both data, and whether they have any similarities or differenc
21、es in the conceptual metaphors. (都是针对不足的。)三、结论部分的语言1. 总则：结论部分的语言应与结论部分的言语功能相符合。对象、理论、方法等概括部分，如This study has taken five steps., We have demonstrated that ., The methodology described is 评价部分，如Written learner data is able to reveal., . provide a rich resource for learning.;It is possible to identify.
22、Errors can also be handled.展望未来，如. the compilation of a corpus . can be exploited by .,Gain insight into .,. better understanding of English language use. 2. 时态为了以上功能向配合，动词形式主要以现在时态出现，但在某些情况下也可以使用完成时和过去时。英语专业学术论文写作：结论讲座小结：几个统一1. 题目2. 开题报告=题目的扩展（1）选题=题目（2）文献综述=对研究对象已有视角或方面的综合描述和评述（3） 研究目标 =研究对象（+切入点）
23、+ 理论视角（4） 研究方法 =题目中明确的、暗含的（英汉就是比较或对比；做实验就是实证方法；用数据说话就是定量；用理论证明观点，辅之以例子，即定量）（5）目前研究工作（6）提纲（7）参考文献3. 引言=开题报告翻译4. 结语=引言+结果/结论 +不足+展望(1) 概括说明：本课题的研究论题、意义与价值、研究内容。(2) 研究目标的回答：比较具体地说明本研究或者证明了什么假设或理论，或者根据什么理论得出了什么结论，解决了什么实际问题。(3) 本课题的局限性、不足之处，还有哪些尚待解决的问题。A Cognitive Study on Conceptual Metaphor in English
24、and Chinese Sports News理论视角 研究对象切入点及研究方法(英汉体育暗含了比较方法)研究目标研究方法研究计划大背景研究对象重要性已有的研究现有研究的不足研究动力 研究基础 研究实施文献综述英语专业学术论文写作：结论(4) 展望前景，或指出进一步研究的方向。5. 摘要：=题目+结果/结论(1) 主题阐述（Topic specification） ；(2) 研究目的陈述（Purpose statement） ；(3) 理论指导（Theory/Perspective）(3) 研究方法(Methodology and Data)；(4) 研究结果/发现（Results/Findings） ；(5) 研究结论/启示（Conclusions/Implications） 。
