1、Chapter Two,Basic Processes in Translating,翻译犹如一种好的商品，加上一个动听悦耳的名字，无疑会锦上添花，魅力无穷。比如像我们常见的一种饮料“coca-cola”，如译成 “可可饮料” 就显得贫乏无味，译成 “可口可乐” 顿觉熠熠生辉、可口诱人。 优美的译文必须经过下列翻译过程： 理解 表达 审校 分析 - 转换 - 润色 总体了解 重现原文 点睛出神,2. 1 正确理解 (Comprehensive Reading),理解就是透彻地了解、懂得、掌握原文所表达的内容和实质，包括词义、句义、段义、语义，理解不深不透，译文就不忠不顺。 对初学者要阅读三遍：
2、1.粗读全文，掌握全文大意；2.逐词，逐句，逐段研究，解决疑难问题。3.通读原文。,理解的诸多方面,1. 正确理解语言现象, 不仅要了解句子的字面意 义，还要了解句子的内涵意义。必须上下有联系地、全面地理解原文的词汇含义、语法关系和逻 辑修辞。不能孤立地看待一句一词，因为同一个词或一个词组，在不同的上下文和不同的语法结 构中，往往有不同的含义。 2. 正确理解上下文的逻辑关系3. 正确理解原文所涉及的事情，特别注意一些特有的事物，历史背景，典故或专门术语所表示的概念。,2. 1. 1 正确理解句子,句子是表达一个完整思想、具有一定语法特征的最基本的语言单位。翻译不能只看半句话或开头几个词就动笔
3、去译，要读完整个一句话，搞清句子结构，分析句子成分，句子传达的是什么意思，肯定什么，否定什么，提出什么问题，表达什么愿望或情感，是否隐含什么，是否话中有话；还要看语言环境，根据一定的背景知识等。,例1：Having discovered an unknown island, they wintered upon it. (G.A.Lensen: Russians Eastward Expansion) 【译文】他们发现了一个无名小岛后，便住了下来，在那里过冬。【解析】这是个“主-谓”结构的简单句，译文的靓点是“wintered upon it”，“winter”用作名词是“冬天”，用作动词译为
4、“过冬”。“过冬”肯定是住下来过，因此增加了“住下来”使句子顿时鲜活。 比如“shadow”我们对它的认识就是“阴影、影子”，但“Shadow him and see what is going to happen.”却是“跟踪他看看会发生什么”，它用作动词时意思却变为“如影随形地跟踪”。,例2：Eager to trust but determined to verify, many single women in an age of risky romance are hiring private detectives to check the background of their su
5、itors. (中国翻译， N0.5, 1997) 【译文】这年月，就连谈情说爱都有暗礁。许多单身女子对向自己求婚者既急切地想以心相许，又想要知道对方是否靠得住，于是就纷纷雇用私人侦探去查清对方的身世经历。 【解析】这是个“主-系-表”结构的句子，结构简单但句意深藏词中。“romance”指浪漫的爱情，可前面加“risky”就给人留了很大的想象空间，这个年月爱情不是美好的而是充满危险的，再和“Eager to trust but determined to verify”进行对比，后面的句子就不难翻译了。,2. 1. 2 正确理解段落与篇章,要翻译一篇文章，不要一拿到手就从头到尾地“译”。首先
6、要通读整个段落或全篇文章，先有个整体了解，知道说的是什么，要解决什么问题，关键在哪里，是什么结构，做到胸中有数。,例1：On Friday, October 19 of this year, when the afternoon sun was misty in an autumn sky, a part of Edgar Snow returned forever to the campus of Beijing University; as a young man, he had taught in the department of journalism on these same gr
7、ounds, at what was then called Yenching. (Louis W. Snow: Edgar Snows Return) 【译文】今年10月19日，正好也是星期五。那是个秋日的下午，日色朦胧，埃德加 斯诺骨灰的一部分回到了北京大学校园并永远地安放在这里；他年轻时曾在这里的新闻系任教，当时叫“燕京大学”。 【解析】从整体看，事件发生的时间是星期五，而耶稣基督正好也是星期五被钉死在十字架上的。“Friday”在原文中出现在句首，既强调了时间又强调了“Friday”所伴随的信息，译文中用了“正好也是”一词，句中的“the afternoon sun was misty
8、 in an autumn sky”给人提供了一种悲凉的信息，译文完全表达并传递了作者对斯诺逝世的悲痛之情。,课堂互动1 ：翻译句子,1.Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States. 2. My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring.
9、3. They say a person needs just three things to be truly happy in this world. Someone to love, something to do and something to hope for.,4. Alice was beginning to get very tired of sitting by her sister on the bank, and of having nothing to do: once or twice she had peeped into the book her sister
10、was reading, but it had no pictures or conversations in it, “and what is the use of a book,” thought Alice, “without pictures or conversation?”,译文欣赏 1.无论是中国还是美国，都不会缩小贸易的重要性。 2. 几乎是毫无意识地，我用手指抚摸着我所熟悉的叶片和花朵，这新长的叶子和新开的花朵迎来了南方美好的春天。 3. 话说，人生幸福只需三条：有所爱，有所为，有所盼。 4. 爱丽丝无所事事，跟姐姐一起闲坐岸边，开始感到厌倦了。姐姐正在看书，她瞥了一两眼，但
11、是那书上并没有图画或对话。爱丽丝想，一本书中如果没有图画或是对话，那它又有什么用呢？,2. 2 流畅表达 (Fluency in Expressing),表达就是准确地运用各种翻译技巧，以规范的汉语体现原文的内容，从而使所译的东西在内容和形式上成为有机的统一体。表达可根据原文含义与思路按汉语语法结构并句或拆句，不必过分拘泥于原文语句的格式和标点，而应着重体会作者的意思与思路，分析句子与句子之间，以及一个句子各部分之间的关系，力求选用与原文句子类型等同的句法结构框架，运用增减文字、转换成分、改变表达方式的手段择用等值的词汇重新组织文字。,例1：He came up to her, his red
12、 face, with its bloodshot eyes, thrust forward, and gripped her arms. She cried in fear of him, struggled to be free. (D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers)【译文】他走上前去，眼睛充满血丝，满脸通红地凑到她面前，一把抓住她的胳膊。她吓得叫了起来，挣扎着想脱身。【解析】译文在用词、句式、顺序等方面都与英语原文一致，保留了原文的信息、形象以及生动性，并体现了原文的美学价值。,例2：Go back to Mississippi, go back to Al
13、abama, go back to South Carolina, go back to Georgia, go back to Louisiana, go back to the slums and ghettos of our Northern cities, knowing that somehow this situation can and will be changed. Let us not wallow in the valley of despair.I say to you today, my friends, that in spite of the difficulti
14、es and frustrations of the moment I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream.I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: “We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.” (Martin Luther King: I
15、 Have a Dream),【译文】让我们回到密西西比去，回到亚拉巴马去，回到南卡罗来纳去，回到佐治亚去，回到路易斯安娜去，回到我们北方城市中的贫民区和少数民族居住区去。要牢记，这种状况是能够，也必将改变的。我们不要陷入绝望而不可自拔。朋友们，今天我对你们说，在此时此刻，我们虽然遭受种种困难和挫折，我仍然有一个梦想。这个梦想是深深扎根于美国的梦想中的。我梦想有一天，这个国家会站起来，真正实现其信条的真谛：“我们认为这些真理是不言而喻的：人人生而平等。” 【解析】译文再现原文交际情景，选词组句紧扣原文，给读者描述了一件发生在异国他乡的事件。译者运用直译手法，刻意保留原文的语言和文化差异，文化色
16、彩，使译文“洋气”一点。直译可以缩短民族文化交流的差距。,1 ）关键词的表达,关键词是指在句子中起举足轻重作用的词，误译会导致整个句子甚至整个段落或整篇文章的意思弄错。因此，一定要认真阅读，细心研磨，做到落笔知轻重，表达讲分寸，译文传神韵。 例1：He is a jovial giant, with a huge appetite for food, drink and women. (Brian Crozier: De Gaulle) 【译文】他生性乐观， 身材魁梧，贪食贪杯又贪色。【解析】“huge appetite for.”是“胃口很大”，“特别喜欢”的意思，尤其是和“women”搭配
17、一起，就很顺当地译成了“贪”，“贪”和“food, drink”也能搭配一起。接连用了三个“贪”，所以，增译“生性”二字也很符合情理。,例2：She was dancing gracefully in the room. 【译文】她正在房间里跳舞，动作非常优雅。【解析】“gracefully”是个副词，表示“优美地，雅致地”意思，但在这一句里若是译成“她正优美雅致地在房间里跳舞”，语言不那么自然。为此，干脆把它分译成一个分句“动作非常优雅”，表达显得自然。,课堂互动2：翻译句子,1. He excels others in every expect. 2. I get positively a
18、ngry with the impertinence of it and the everlastingness. 3. The key to everything is patience. You get the chicken by hatching the egg not by smashing it. 4. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. ( Fra
19、ncis Bacon: Of Studies),译文欣赏,1.他在各方面都优于他人。 2. 这么鲁莽无礼，没完没了，真让我生气。 3. 耐心是一切的关键。小鸡是从蛋里孵出来的，不是把蛋壳敲破取出来的。 4. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑和修辞使人善辩，能够争论。（王佐良译）,2）短语表达,这里所说的短语指的是固定搭配、约定俗成，翻译中注意理解其意义、特点和规律；同时还要根据其语言环境、上下文的意思来理解。理解要透彻，表达要贴切，译文要符合实际。 例1：He has paid the debt of nature. 【译文】他已经死了。 【解析】若译
20、成“他理所当然地偿还了债务”就不对了，因为“pay the debt of nature”的意思是“死”。,例2：The explorers worked their way up the mountain.【译文】勘探人员十分艰难地慢慢地爬上高山。【解析】如果译成“勘探人员一面工作，一面登上高山。”就不对了。动词短语“to work ones way”的意思是“to move slowly and with difficulty”。 例3：Dance music began to play, Sarah was the only woman present, and she had her
21、work cut out. (W.S.Churchill: The Second War) 【译文】舞曲响起来了，萨拉是在场的唯一女性，她可真给忙坏了。 【解析】动词短语“have ones work cut out”的意思是“工作十分繁忙”，此处指“跳舞”。,课堂互动3 ：翻译句子,1A man is in his best shape in the decade before age 25. His muscles are firmest, his resistance to colds and infections is highest, and his body is most eff
22、icient in utilizing nutrients. 2After singing, she sits on audiences hands. 3The game was rained off. 4Every time he comes to New York, he wants to paint the town red.,译文欣赏,1. 男人在25岁前的10年中身体最棒，肌肉最结实，对感冒和传染病的抵抗力最强，身体摄取营养的效率最高。 2. 唱完歌，观众不给她鼓掌。 3. 比赛因雨暂停举行。 4. 每次来纽约，他都要痛饮一番。,3） 句子的表达,英语句子译成汉语不可能是字对字、词对
23、词、句对句，而要考虑字词、短语、主句、从句之间的语法关系、逻辑关系，采用层次翻译法，对原文进行意义分析、切块拆分，按照汉语习惯做文字增删、结构调整，根据逻辑关系重组语言，英语句子只有词或短语，译成中文有可能变为句子，而英语的主从句译成汉语有可能变成简单句。 例1：His learning I admire, but his character I despise.【译文】他的学识我佩服，但他的人格我鄙视。【解析】保持原文的强调形式和表达风格，译文仍把宾语放于句首。,例2：Ive been giving the thought some consideration. 【译文】我一直在考虑这个问题
24、。 【解析】改变原文的结构和表达形式，把英语双宾语句汉译成了动宾结构的句子。 例3：The sun sets regularly on the Union Jack these days, but never on the English language. 【译文】现在，英国已不再是那个“日不落”帝国了，但是，英语却在广泛使用着。 【解析】改变原文的结构形式和表达风格，把英语的“主-谓”结构转换成了汉语的“主-谓-宾”结构，并把否定词“never”改换位置，使否定转移到前面，译文通顺自然。“the Union Jack”指“英国国旗”。,课堂互动4 ：翻译句子,1. Everyone rec
25、ognizes the importance of speaking English well. In school one of the chief things to learn and to practice may be the reading and writing of English, but in everyday life we convey our thoughts to other people by speaking far more often than by writing. 2. Imagination will often carry us to worlds
26、that never were. But without it, we go nowhere.,3There are only three types of people: those who make things happen, those who watch things happen and those who say, “ What happened? ” 4. The real art of conversation is not only to say the right thing in the right place, but to leave the wrong thing
27、 unsaid at the tempting moment. 5. Kind hearts are the gardens; kind thoughts are the roots; kind words are the flowers; kind deeds are the fruits.,译文欣赏,1.人人都知道讲一口流利的英语有多重要。在学校，我们学习和联系的主要内容之一是读写英语，殊不知在日常生活中我们与人交流思想时发现说比写的机会要多得多。 2. 幻想常把我们带入虚无之乡，而缺乏想象又会使我们驻足不前。 3. 世上只有三种人：实干者，旁观者，打探者。 4. 谈话的艺术不仅是善于分辨
28、场合，说话得当，而且要在忍不住的场合强忍下不得当的话。 5. 仁慈的心肠是花园；高尚的情操是根基；友好的话语是花朵；慷慨的行为是硕果。,4 ）整体表达,翻译是一门语言艺术。既是艺术，说明有其主观性，可以有适当的发挥。要译好一篇文章，就要运用各种知识和所学技能技巧，既要紧扣原文，又要放开思路，从整体出发，译出异国情调、异国风味、异国的文笔文采。例1：All the summer world was bright and fresh. There was a song in every heart; there was cheer in every face and a spring in eve
29、ry step. (Mark Twain: Adventures of Tom Sawyer ) 【译文】整个的夏季世界显得光明灿烂，生气勃勃。人人心里哼着小调，个个脸上都流露着喜色，走路步履充满活力。 【解析】从整体看，这段话主要是描写宜人的环境和人们的喜悦心情。文字虽不十分优美，但忠实地再现原文，传达了作者所表达的意思。,例2：I have known very many of them, professionally and privately, and if I pleased, could relate divers histories, at which good-natured
30、gentlemen might smile, and sentimental souls might weep. (Herman Melville: Bartleby, the Scrivener) 【译文】由于职业和私人交往，我认识了不少这样的人。要是我兴致所至，就可讲出他们各自的故事经历，好心温厚者闻之，准会莞尔而笑，多愁善感的人儿听了，就会潸然泪下。 【解析】 这段话主要是说明事情。原文是个主从复合句，一个主句带有两个从句。译文分译成了两句，改变了原文的结构，在词义上忠实地再现原文，字面表达更加符合汉语习惯，比如“histories, smile, weep”，分别译成了“故事经历”、“
31、莞尔而笑”、“潸然泪下”。,例3：To be, or not to be: that is the question: Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, And by opposing end them. (Shakespeare: Hamlet) 【译文】“生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清；这
32、两种行为，哪一种更高贵？” （朱生豪译）,课堂互动5：翻译句子,1School is not easy and it is not for the most part very much fun, but then, if you are very lucky, you may find a real teacher. Three real teachers in a lifetime are the very best of my luck. (英语世界，N0.5, 1992),2. But what really is a clone? A clone is born from an em
33、bryo, which is genetically identical to the donor animal and is carried to term by a surrogate mother. The resulting newborn animal is essentially an identical twin of the donor “parent” with the same similarities and differences of such twins in that species.Whatever the case, animal-cloning knowle
34、dge is growing rapidly and certainly holds applications we have not even imagines today. The ability to reprogram a cells DNA may be one of the most significant biological achievements of the 20th Century.,译文欣赏,1. 上学可不是件轻松的事，而且大部分也没什么趣味；不过要是你的造化好，也许会碰上个真正的好老师。我最大的幸运，就是一生中有过三位这样的好老师。 2. 可是，克隆动物究竟是怎么回
35、事？克隆动物来自基因与提供动物相同的一个胚胎，该胚胎由另一母体代孕至足月。由此而来的新生命本质上是供体“父母”的同卵双生，具有该动物孪生者之异同。无论事实如何，动物克隆技术发展迅速，其广阔的应用当今人难以想象。重组细胞的DNA也许是20世纪最重大的生物学成就之一。,2. 3 认真审校 (Proofreading & Correction),审校就是检查译文有无遗漏丢失、错译误译、前后矛盾、关系混乱、文体逻辑等方面的问题；所以，一定要逐字、逐句、逐段地仔细修改，行文造句要讲求语体之美、风格之美、修辞之美，句简词精，使译文多点“神”气。同时还要润色文字，在译文的“传达”上下功夫，力求用词贴切，文从
36、字顺，增强译语的可读性（readability）。审校通常有初校、复校、定稿三个步骤。,第二章课外练习及参考译文,1翻译下列句子，注意斜体部分的表达并说明翻译的特点 1) We refused to take the advice and failed. 【译文】我们没有听劝告，结果失败了。 2) They are all of an age. 【译文】他们的岁数都相同。 3) I was shanghaied in Shanghai. 【译文】我在上海受骗了。 4) Dont ride the high horse. 【译文】不要趾高气扬。 5) The teacher is popular
37、 with his students.（主动形式，被动意义） 【译文】这位老师很受学生的欢迎。,6) He had a fast life, drinking and gambling. 【译文】他过着放荡的生活，又酗酒又赌博。 7) Man has to fight his way through life on earth! 【译文】人生在世，要奋斗不息。 8) He would be quite a likeable fellow if only he wouldnt act the goat so much. 【译文】只要他不恶作剧，就是个讨人喜欢的小伙子。 9) John can b
38、e relied on, he eats no fish and plays the game. 译文】约翰为人可靠，诚实又正直。 10) Nehru had evidently come to think of their country as the equal of China, or even her superior. 【译文】尼赫鲁显然认为他们的国家应该同中国平起平坐，甚至要高出中国一头。,11) It will soon rain itself out and then we can have our walk. 【译文】雨快停了，我们就能去散步。 12) She was eig
39、hteen and beautiful. 【译文】她年方18，天生丽质。 13) There are some beautiful Chinese girls in the picture. 【译文】画中是几个中国美女。（图上是几个漂亮的中国女子。） 14) He was a good father, within his limitations. 【译文】他是个好父亲，虽然也有这样那样的缺点。 15) “Look at that old lady, shes doing everything wrong.” 【译文】“看看那位老太太，她那个样子最容易出问题。”,2翻译下列段落,In the
40、United States, it is not customary to telephone someone very early in the morning. If you telephone him early in the day, while he is shaving or having breakfast, the time of the call shows that the matter is very important and requires immediate attention. The same meaning is attached to telephone
41、call made after 11 :00 p.m. If someone receives a call during sleeping hours, he assumes its a mater of life and death. The time chosen for the call communicates its importance. 【译文】在美国，人们通常不在清早打电话给别人。如果你在早晨别人刮脸或吃早餐的时候打电话来，那就意味着你有非常重要而紧急的事请。晚上11点之后打来电话也一样。人们在睡觉的时间接到电话时就会以为发生了生死攸关的事。打电话所选择的时间表示事情的重要程
42、度。,In social life, time plays a very important part. In the U.S.A. guests tend to feel they are not highly regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days before the party date. But it is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered fo
43、olish to make an appointment too far in advance because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be forgotten. The meaning of time differs in different parts of the world. Thus, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that treat time differently. Promptness is value
44、d highly in American life. For example, if people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully responsible. In the U. S. no one would think of keeping a business associate waiting for an hour, for it would be too impolite. Even a person who is five minutes late is expected to make a short apology.,【译文】时间在社会生活中作用重大。在美国，如果仅仅提前三四天接到宴会的邀请，人们会觉得自己不够受重视。但并不是所有的国家都是这样。在其他国家，人们会觉得提早很多天就预定约会的做法很愚蠢，因为一周以后某一天的计划很有可能被忘掉。在不同的地区，时间有不同的意义。因此，来自时间观念不同的两种文化氛围中的人之间就会产生误解。比如：美国社会崇尚迅捷。人们会觉得办事不够迅速的人没有礼貌或不够负责。在美国，人们无法想象让生意伙伴等上一个小时，那简直太失礼了。人们觉得即使只迟到了五分钟，也应该简短地表示歉意。,
