1、东 北 师 范 大 学 人 文 学 院本科毕业论文A Study on the Application of Equivalence Theory in the English-Chinese Translation of Marvel Films Scrip从英汉对等理论角度浅谈漫威电影台词翻译学生姓名：指导教师：崔 丹所在院系：英语学院所学专业年级：2007 级英语教育中国长春2011 年 5 月Table of ContentsAbstract (English)摘要（汉语）1. Introduction 1.1 The Objective and Methodology of Stud
2、y1.2 The Marvel Films1.1.1 The Necessity of Marvel Films1.1.2 The Features of Marvel Films.1.3 Thesis Structure.2. Literature Review.2.1The E-C Translation2.2 The Equivalence Theory2.2.1 The Definition of Equivalence Theory2.2.2 The Principles of Equivalence Theory2.2.3 Nidas Functional Equivalence2
3、.2.4 The Other Relative Theories3.The Script Translation of Marvel Films33.1 The Current Situation of Marvel Films Script Translation3.1.1 The Demerits of Marvel Films Script Translation4.The Application of Equivalence Theory in the English-Chinede Translation of Marvel Films Script4.1The Examples E
4、quivalence Theory of Marvel Films Script4.1.1 Equivalence in Language 4.1.2 Equivalence in Culture4.1.3 Equicalence in Style 4.2 The Difficult in the Application4.3 The Suggestion of the Application4.3.1 Be Faithful to the Original Content4.3.2 Handle Culture Correctly Conclusionworks cited Acknowle
5、dgments iAbstractWith the deepening of globalization, more and more foreign films get into the general publics vision. Regarding that how to make Chinese understand these films, know and understand exotic custom and culture, this need solving through script translation. Due to the limitation of time
6、 and space as well as different culture, there exist many difficulties in script translation. Many scholars have explored the strategies of script translation and the specific translation methods from different angles, such as Skopos Theory, Functional Equivalence Theory and Relevance Theory. Based
7、on Nidas Functional Equivalence Theory, this thesis aims to analyze script translation in an American series of Marvel Films from the following three aspects: language, style and culture. Script translation should follow the three principles of language equivalence, style equivalence and cultural eq
8、uivalence, dealing with language and culture translation in the specific context. Besides, it is hoped that the translation strategies put forward can be helpful to the practice of script translation.Key words: Functional Equivalence Marvel films script translation ii 摘 要随着全球化的不断深入，越来越多的国外电影进入中国民众的视
9、野。如何让中国人看懂这些电影，知道并了解他国的风俗和文化，是剧本台词翻译需要解决的问题。然后由于时空限制以及文化不同，剧本台词翻译也存在很多困难。有不少学者从不同的视角来探究台词翻译策略和具体翻译方法，如目的论、功能对等理论、关联理论等。本文运用奈达的功能对等理论，尝试对美国漫威系列电影中的台词翻译从语言、风格、文化三个方面进行研究。台词翻译应当遵循语言对等、风格对等、文化对等三个原则，尽可能保留原剧所传递的幽默元素，处理好特定语境下的语言与文化翻译.此外，也希望本研究能对台词翻译的实践有所启示。关键词：功能对等理论 漫威电影 台词翻译iii 1A Study on the Applicati
10、on of Equivalence Theory in the English-Chinese Translation of Marvel Films Script1 Introduction 1.1 The Objective and Methodology of StudyThis paper is carried out under the guidance of functional equivalence theory to analyze some selected translation version of scripts, and then related strategie
11、s have been proposed to fulfill an efficient translation. The data relevant to the study is chosen from the books on script translation and writing produced by authors from China and abroad. In addition, the data collected focuses on those which are most commonly circulated in our daily life.1.2 The
12、 Marvel Films1.1.1 The Necessity of Marvel Films Along with the accelerating process of globalization, the cultural communication between Chinese and Western countries is becoming more and more frequently. Within this context, a large number of western films and television works are flooding into Ch
13、ina, and gradually become an important window for our audience to understand the exotic culture. However, compared with the traditional “dubbed film”, the original sound films and TV plays bears the characters of the fast propagate speed, and retaining of the original films information more truthful
14、 and natural and other advantages to show foreign culture, which are highly favored by the audience. However, because of the limitations and barriers of language, the majority of the audience cannot directly enjoy the foreign movies for the time being, so the subtitles translation work of the films
15、and televisions is particularly important.1.1.2 The Features of Marvel Films2 Marvel Films have been warmly welcomed and hotly pursued since its introduction into our country. Based on unique drawn and prominent personalities and hilarious humorous language, it has attracted more and more Chinese au
16、dience, which deservedly has become the most popular and favorite sitcom of the world. Regarding to the success, it is the joint efforts of the creation and artistic charm of the work itself and the love of humor of human. Besides, it is also inseparable from the success of audiovisual translators w
17、ork. Firstly, movie titles must be concise. No matter what type of a movie is, as the first channel to understand the movie for audience, it is usually only a few words. “Conciseness “ is a prominent feature of movie titles. A long movie title not only lost the character of titles, but also makes it
18、 difficult to be remembered by the audience. Secondly, movie titles must be easy to be understood. The movie, as a mass media, faces a large number of audiences who are different in age, occupation and education degree, so the titles of movies must be easy to be understood. Finally, movie titles mus
19、t be vivid, attractive, able to attract the audiences eye, and can also give the audience a sense of beauty. The movie is a special art form of cultural products. The existence of the movie must be able to reflect its peoples way of thinking and cultural values. Different language determines the dif
20、ferent ways of thinking, behavior and language expression of different peoples. Some English movie titles come from the legend of its culture or the adaptation of English idioms. As a kind of industry, there is no doubt that the final purpose of a movie is to obtain commercial profit. Thats why film
21、 investors try every way to attract peoples eyes. They rack their brains to seek the high competitiveness of the movie market and put a lot of manpower, material and financial resource from scripting, filming to showing. All of these investments must be rewarded from the box office and finally obtai
22、n high profits. Therefore, movie titles have the commercial feature inevitably. Just for the sake of high benefits from their investment, they didnt even care much about whether the translation of movie titles has deviated from the theme of the movies. Most of the time, those improper translations a
23、re beyond the understandings of the majority of the audiences. So, even the national conditions have been taken into consideration, it is necessary to find a junction between the market and art. The translation of movie titles should pay attention to both the art value and the response of the market
24、. 1.3 thesis structure 3 Based on this situation, this paper intends to explore the translation of script translation under Functional Equivalence Theory so as to propose some suggestions for the practice of subtitle translation, with a case study of Marvel Films subtitle translation examples.This t
25、hesis consists of four parts. For the first part, it comes to an introduction of the research background, the purpose of the research as well as the significance of it. Besides, the methodology that the writer adopts is also introduced. Part two is concerned with an overview of the theory framework
26、of functional equivalence, from the perspective of its origin, development and rules. Part three is the main body of this paper, which analyzes films script in the light of functional equivalence theory and some respective strategies will be put forward in this part. The final part draws a natural c
27、onclusion based on the above elaboration and proposes some recommendations for further study.2 Literature Review In order to have a better analysis of the script translation in Marvel films, this essay has combined the results of researches before with specific script, also translation strategies.2.
28、1The E-C TranslationOver a period of several decades, the translation between Chinese and English has kept emerging endlessly and quickly with Chinas entry into the worlds cultures, which has exerted a significant impact on the mutual communication between China and other foreign countries. At the s
29、ame time, with the continuous rising of Chinas international status, the study of the E-C translation of film script with strong Chinese connotations plays an ever-increasing role in English teaching as well as academic studies both at home and abroad. A proper translation of film script is especial
30、ly significant in the cross-cultural communication.Talking about film English, a great quantity of researches have been done in this field. As a matter of fact, film English falls into the category of ESP (English for Specific Purpose). They are so different in stylistic features that they require d
31、ifferent translation strategies respectively. In the past few decades, a number of achievements have been made in the field of the translation of film English, it is widely recognized that there are still problems, ranging from the ignorance of context and inflexibility and Chinglish. Therefore, the
32、re is still a long way to go on English film translation.The adequacy of translations has traditionally been judged on the basis of the correspondence in lexicon and grammar between the source and target languages. The 4 correspondence has frequently been stated in terms of “equivalence“, even thoug
33、h the term equivalence is often not used. There is, however, a serious problem involved in discussing the adequacy of translated text primarily in terms of discourse structures. Translating means communicating, and this process depends on what is received by persons hearing or reading a translation.
34、 Judging the validity of a translation cannot stop with a comparison of corresponding lexical meanings, grammatical classes, and rhetorical devices. What is important is the extent to which receptors correctly understand and appreciate the translated text. Accordingly, it is essential that functiona
35、l equivalence be stated primarily in terms of a comparison of the way in which the original receptors of the translated text understand and appreciate the translated text.2.2 The Equivalence Theory 2.2.1 The Principles of Equivalence TheoryThe type of audience: prospective audiences differ both in d
36、ecoding ability and in potential interest.There are no such things as “identical equivalents“ in translating, what one must in translating seek to do is find the “closest natural equivalent“. Here he identifies two basic orientations in translating based on two different types of equivalence: Formal
37、 Equivalence (F-E) and Dynamic Equivalence (D-E).F-E focuses attention on the message itself, in both form and content. Such translations then would be concerned with such correspondences as poetry to poetry, sentence to sentence, and concept to concept. Such a formal orientation that typifies this
38、type of structural equivalence is called a “gloss translation“ in which the translator aims at reproducing as literally and meaningfully as possible the form and content of the original.The principles governing an F-E translation would then be: reproduction of grammatical units; consistency in word
39、usage; and meanings in terms of the source context.D-E on the other hand aims at complete “naturalness“ of expression. A D-E translation is directed primarily towards equivalence of response rather than equivalence of form. The relationship between the target language receptor and message should be
40、substantially the same as that which existed between the original (source language) receptors and the message.The principles governing a D-E translation then would be: conformance of a translation to the receptor language and culture as a whole; and the translation must be 5 in accordance with the c
41、ontext of the message which involves the stylistic selection and arrangement of message constituents.2.2.2 Nidas Functional EquivalenceFunctional equivalence theory was originally proposed and advocated by Eugene A. Nida in 1964, who is a distinguished theorist and linguist in the field of translati
42、on. His works on translation has exerted a tremendous impact on translation research in western countries. Eugene Nida defines translation as reproduction in the receptor language the closest and natural equivalent of the source-language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.Nida
43、s three stage system of translation (from Nida and Taber 1969 P.33)A (source language) B (receptor language)(analysis) (restructuring) X transfer YFigure 1Figure 1 shows a simplified form of translation process. As can be seen, Nidas translation process consists of three stages: 1) analysis of the s
44、ource language text, 2) transfer of the source language text into the target language text, and 3) linguistically restructuring in the target language text.Functional equivalence is also known as dynamic equivalence, which is relative to formal equivalence. This theory underlines the functional equi
45、valence of information other than the simple formal equivalence in rendering, and so as to keep functional equivalence between the meaning and style of the source language and that of the target language. According to Nida, functional equivalence is the “quality of a translation in which the meaning
46、 of the original text has been so transported into the receptors language that the response of the receptor is essentially like that of the original receptors.”(1969,P.200) In such a translation, one is not so concerned with matching the target language message with the source language message, but
47、with the dynamic relationship, that the relationship between receptor and message should be substantially the same as that which existed between the original receptor and message. In order to achieve a closest natural equivalence, the equivalence in meaning, style and culture must be fulfilled in th
48、e translation process.Traditional translation theories mainly focus on the linguistic comparison 6 between the source language (SL) and target language (TL). Compared with that, Functional Equivalence Theory put forward by Nida offers a new way to study translation. The Functional Equivalence Theory lifts the role of TL readers up to an paramount height, taking their linguisti
