1、简 析 雅 思 阅 读 中 的 判 断 题朗阁海外考试研究中心 祝丹霞判断题一直被归为雅思阅读题型中的简单题，主要基于该题型有两个特点。第一：该题型大部分是有序的（除剑十有例外）；第二：该题型定位词明显不太容易被替换。但是，就笔者在教学过程当中发现，该题型的准确率却不是很高。这样的矛盾引起了我的兴趣，本篇文章将从判断题的做题步骤，判断题易错点，以及判断题的做题方法三个方向切入，希望对考生有帮助。判断题的呈现形式一般是 TRUE/FALSE/NOT GIVEN, 或者 YES/NO/NOT GIVEN。两者的区别在于前者是问到的题目所给的句子是否 agree with the informati
2、on given in the passage，而后者的选择标准则是题目中包含的句子是否 agree with the views of the writer，但是两者是没有本质区别的。所以我们选择剑五当中的一篇文章来进行做题步骤的分析。剑桥真题分析The Effects of Light on Plant and Animal SpeciesLight is important to organisms for two different reasons. Firstly, it is used as a cue for the timing of daily and seasonal rh
3、ythms in both plane and animals, and secondly it is used to assist growth in plants.Breeding in most organisms occurs during a part of the year only, and so a reliable cue is needed to trigger breeding behavior. Day length is an excellent cue, because it provides a perfectly predictable pattern of c
4、hange within the year. In the temperate zone in spring, temperatures fluctuate greatly from day to day, but day length increases steadily by a predictable amount. The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this p
5、henomenon is considerable. For example, some species of birds breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964). Other examples of photoperiodism occur in plants. A short-day plant flowers when the day is less than a certain critical length. A long
6、-day plant flowers after a certain critical day length is exceeded. In both cases the critical day length differs from species to species. Plane which flower after a period of vegetative growth, regardless of photoperiod, are known as day-neutral plants.Breeding seasons in animals such as birds have
7、 evolved to occupy the part of the year in which offspring have the greatest chances of survival. Before the breeding season begins, food reserves must be built up to support the energy cost of reproduction, and to provide for young birds both when they are in the nest and after fledging. Thus many
8、temperate-zone birds use the increasing day lengths in spring as a cue to begin the nesting cycle, because this is a point when adequate food resources will be assured.The adaptive significance of photoperiodism in plane is also clear. Short-day plane that flower in spring in the temperate zone are
9、adapted to maximizing seedling growth during the growing season. Long-day plants are adapted for situations that require fertilization by insects, or a long period of seed ripening. Short-day plane that flower in the autumn in the temperate zone are able to build up food reserves over the growing se
10、ason and over winter as seeds. Day-neutral plane has an evolutionary advantage when the connection between the favorable period for reproduction and day length is much less certain. For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length
11、.The breeding season of some plants can be delayed to extraordinary lengths. Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976). Every bamboo of the species Chusqueaabietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set see
12、d and died during 1884. The next generation of bamboo flowered and died between 1916 and 1918, which suggests a vegetative cycle of about 31 years. The climatic trigger for this flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear. The simultaneous production of masses of bamboo
13、seeds (in some cases lying I2 to I5 centimeters deep on the ground) is more than all the seed-eating animals can cope with at the time, so that some seeds escape being eaten and grow up to form the next generation (Evans 1976).The second reason light is important to organisms is that it is essential
14、 for photosynthesis. This is the process by which plants use energy from the sun to convert carbon from soil or water into organic material for growth. The rate of photosynthesis in a plant can be measured by calculating the rate of its uptake of carbon. There is a wide range of photosynthetic respo
15、nses of plants to variations in light intensity. Some plants reach maximal photosynthesis at one-quarter full sunlight, and others, like sugarcane, never reach a maximum, but continue to increase photosynthesis rate as light intensity rises.Plants in general can be divided into two groups: shade-tol
16、erant species and shade-intolerant species. This classification is commonly used in forestry and horticulture. Shade-tolerant plane has lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower growth rates than those of shade-intolerant species. Plant species become adapted to living in a certain kind of hab
17、itat, and in the process evolve a series of characteristics that prevent them from occupying other habitats. Grime (1966) suggests that light may be one of the major components directing these adaptations. For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant. They can survive in the forest unde
18、rstory under very low light levels because they have a low photosynthetic rate.Questions 27-33Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3?In boxes 27 33 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradict
19、s the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this27. There is plenty of scientific evidence to support photoperiodism.28. Some types of bird can be encouraged to breed out of season.29. Photoperiodism is restricted to certain geographic areas.30. Desert annuals are examples of long-day p
20、lants.31. Bamboos flower several times during their life cycle.32. Scientists have yet to determine the cue for Chusquea abietifolias seasonal rhythm.33. Eastern hemlock is a fast-growing plant.上文笔者就提及了判断题的两个特点，其中之一就是绝大部分有序，所以这篇文章的定位相对来说就会比较简单。关于定位词的选择这里不再赘述，所以按照做题步骤，我会建议首先学生需要找到两个或者每个题目的定位词。27. 定位词
21、：scientific evidence, photoperiodism;28. 定位词：bird, out of season;29. 定位词：photoperiodism, geographic areas;30. 定位词：desert annuals, long-day plants;31. 定位词：bamboos, life cycle;32. 定位词：scientists, chusqueaabietifolias seasonal rhythm;33. 定位词：eastern hemlock, fast-growing plant.第二步，拿着最起码两个题目的定位词回到原文找到原句
22、进行同义转述的分析。27. 根据题目中的关键词，定位到“The seasonal impact of day length on physiological responses is called photoperiodism, and the amount of experimental evidence for this phenomenon is considerable.” 这个句子应该不是难点。重点在于 the amount of is considerable 就等同于 plenty of, 所以答案就是 TRUE。（注：considerable 这个词会有学生有问题）28. 根据
23、关键词定位接下来的一句话“For example, some species of birds breeding can be induced even in midwinter simply by increasing day length artificially (Wolfson 1964).” 重点 out of season 等同于 induced even in midwinter，所以答案就是 TRUE。29. 题目当中的关键词并不能找到可以定位的句子，所以答案就是 NOT GIVEN。（注：这个题目的定位和下一个题的定位相距较远，所以我会在这之前建议学生至少拿两个题目的关键词一
24、起来定位，为了预防学生在看到 NOT GIVEN 题的时候会纠结反复阅读文章。因为判断题是顺序题，所以下一个题的关键词出现的时候该题目还没能定位到，那么答案一定是 NOT GIVEN）30. 关键词还是比较好定位的，是专有名词，直接定位到该句子“For example, desert annuals germinate, flower and seed whenever suitable rainfall occurs, regardless of the day length.” 看到很明显的 for example，往前面看一句就会发现 desert annual 是很明显的 day-ne
25、utral plant，所以答案就可以选择 FALSE。（注：定位一定要带上主语的原因在该题目中有体现，如果只拿 long-day plant 来定位，那么这个题目很有可能会误选 NOT GIVEN）31. 通过 bamboo 来定位到接下来一段话，具体句子是“Bamboos are perennial grasses that remain in a vegetative state for many years and then suddenly flower, fruit and die (Evans 1976).” “flower, fruit and die”恰好和“flower s
26、everal times ”相反，所以答案是 FALSE。32. 定位并不是问题，但是句子有一些变化，对于基础较差的学生来说会是一个比较大的问题。通过专有名词来看，我们可以确定到相关句子，“Every bamboo of the species Chusqueaabietifolio on the island of Jamaica flowered, set seed and died during 1884.” 但是该句子并没有答案。（注：一般判断题是定位到哪句，答案就在哪句，不会跨句，这也是该题型简单的另一个原因）继续往下看，“The climatic trigger for this
27、flowering cycle is not-yet known, but the adaptive significance is clear.” 所以答案为 TRUE。33. 该题目相对有点特殊，因为定位到的句子是“For example, eastern hemlock seedlings are shade-tolerant.” 但是并未提及是属于快还是慢，所以我们得往前看关于 shade-tolerant的定义，然后我们就可以看到“Shade-tolerant plane has lower photosynthetic rates and hence have lower grow
28、th rates than those of shade-intolerant species.” 确定答案为FALSE。（注：再强调一遍，判断题定位句和答案为同一句，该题跨句的原因是定位到的内容是专有的，类似的题目还出现在剑七 air traffic control in the USA 那篇文章）做题顺序整理第一：确定关键词（建议两道题目一起）；第二：确定考点；第三：回到原文找到对应句子；第四：同义转述进行排除。学生易错点分析1. 词汇量不够，导致过分关注个别学生认为可以定位的“关键词”例：(C4T1P1)Many studies have shown that children harb
29、or misconceptions about pure, curriculum science. These misconceptions do not remain isolated but become incorporated into a multifaceted, but organized, conceptual framework, making it and the component ideas, some of which are erroneous, more robust but also accessible to modification. These ideas
30、 may be developed by children absorbing ideas through the popular media. Sometimes this information may be erroneous. It seems schools may not be providing an opportunity for children to express their ideas and so have them tested and refined by teachers and their peers.Questions 1-8Do the following
31、 statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this1. The plight of the rainforests has largely been ig
32、nored by the media.2. Children only accept opinions on rainforests that they encounter in their classrooms.3. It has been suggested that children hold mistaken views about the pure science that they study at school.4. The fact that childrens ideas about science form part of a larger framework of ide
33、as means that it is easier to change them.5. The study involved asking children a number of yes/no questions such as Are there any rainforests in Africa?6. Girls are more likely than boys to hold mistaken views about the rainforests destruction.7. The study reported here follows on from a series of
34、studies that have looked at childrens understanding of rainforests.8. A second study has been planned to investigate primary school childrens ideas about rainforests.关于这篇文章中的第三题，第一步，定位词为“pure science”，非常明显，也可以很快定位到原文第二段的首句，根据不跨句原则可以马上得出答案，但是很多学生会纠结“they study at school”这个点，从而导致不敢选择正确答案 TRUE，而认为是 NOT
35、 GIVEN。主要是因为curriculum 这个单词的理解障碍，意思就是课程，当然就是学校学习的意思。2. 过度纠结某个词或者词组的意思，导致错误答案例：(C5T1P1)For the century before Johnsons Dictionary was published in 1775, there had been concern about the state of the English language. There was no standard way of speaking or writing and no agreement as to the best way
36、 of bringing some order to the chaos of English spelling. Dr Johnson provided the solution.There had, of course, been dictionaries in the past, the first of these being a little book of some 120 pages, compiled by a certain Robert Cawdray, published in 1604 under the title A Table Alphabeticall of h
37、ard usuall English wordes. Like the various dictionaries that came after it during the seventeenth century, Cawdrays tended to concentrate on scholarly words; one function of the dictionary was to enable its student to convey an impression of fine learning.Beyond the practical need to make order out
38、 of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of the English middle class, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer - lexical as well as social and commercial. It is highly appropriate that Dr Samuel Johnson, the very model of an eighteenth-century
39、literary man, as famous in his own time as in ours, should have published his Dictionary at the very beginning of the heyday of the middle class.Johnson was a poet and critic who raised common sense to the heights of genius. His approach to the problems that had worried writers throughout the late s
40、eventeenth and early eighteenth centuries was intensely practical. Up until his time, the task of producing a dictionary on such a large scale had seemed impossible without the establishment of an academy to make decisions about right and wrong usage. Johnson decided he did not need an academy to se
41、ttle arguments about language; he would write a dictionary himself; and he would do it single-handed. Johnson signed the contract for the Dictionary with the bookseller Robert Dosley at a breakfast held at the Golden Anchor Inn near Holborn Bar on 18 June 1764. He was to be paid 1,575 in instalments
42、, and from this he took money to rent I7 Gough Square, in which he set up his dictionary workshop.James Boswell, his biographer described the garret where Johnson worked as fitted up like a counting house with a long desk running down the middle at which the copying clerks would work standing up.Que
43、stions 8-13Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 1?In boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet, writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this8. The growing importan
44、ce of the middle classes led to an increased demand for dictionaries.9. Johnson has become more well known since his death.10. Johnson had been planning to write a dictionary for several years.11. Johnson set up an academy to help with the writing of his Dictionary.12. Johnson only received payment
45、for his Dictionary on its completion.13. Not all of the assistants survived to see the publication of the Dictionary.该篇文章的第八题也是学生比较容易出错的一个点。定位也不是问题，拿到 middle class 马上可以定位到“beyond the practical need to make order out of chaos, the rise of dictionaries is associated with the rise of English middle cla
46、ss, who were anxious to define and circumscribe the various worlds to conquer-lexical as well as social and commercial.” 但是因为 led to 是导致的意思，而 associate with 是与有关的意思，所以很多学生会选择该答案是 FALSE。这就是一个非常典型的过分纠结词汇内容而出错的点。做题建议就像笔者之前在做题步骤当中强调的第二步，我认为判断题的出题要求并不是需要学生对整个句子的判定，而是词或者词组的正误判断，并且我把这样的词或者词组整理为四大类。第一类，也是最大
47、类就是谓语动词的判定例：前面的 27 题就是一个典型的谓语动词考点，is plenty of，我们只需要回到原文对应到 the amount of considerable 就可以马上确定答案是 TRUE。第二类，比较级最高级考点例：(C8T4P1)A Japan has a significantly better record in terms of average mathematical attainment than England and Wales. Large sample international comparisons of pupils attainments sinc
48、e the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger proportion of low attainers in England, where, incidentally, the variation in attainment scores was much greater. The percentage of Gross National Product sp
49、ent on education is reasonably similar in the two countries, so how is this higher and more consistent attainment in maths achieved?6. There is a wider range of achievement amongst English pupils studying maths than amongst their Japanese counterparts.题目中有出现明显比较级，a wider range of，所以根据定位词回到原文我们寻找的焦点也应该是比较级，a significantly better，但是这个比较级说的是平均成绩，所以继续往下看，“Large sample international comparisons of pupils attainments since the 1960s have established that not only did Japanese pupils at age 13 have better scores of average attainment, but there was also a larger pr
