1、动词的被动语态,Speakers: Amy & Fay Makers: Allison & MayApril 22nd ，2009,重点及难点,一.结构及形式。 二.主要用法。 三.非谓语动词被动语态。 四.含有名词性从句的被动语态 五.被动语态结构的省略形式 六.主动表被动 七.不能用被动语态的情况 八.注意点 九.被动语态中常用的介词,（1）.行为动词的被动语态:,构成： be + donebe有人称.时态.数的变化,其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样. 歌诀是：被动语态be字变，过去分词跟后面。 1. 一般现在时 am/is/are+及物动词的过去分词 例 Our classroom
2、 is cleaned everyday.,2.一般过去时 was/were +及物动词的过去分词 例：A new shop was built last year.3.一般将来时 will/shall +be +及物动词的过去分词例：A new hospital will be built in our city.4.现在完成时 have/has+been+及物动词的过去分词 例：This book has been translated into many languages.5.现在进行时：am/is/are + being + 及物动词 的过去分词 例：Trees are being
3、planted over there by them.,6.过去进行时：was/were being done例:The new tool was being made.7.过去完成时：had been done例:He said that the work had been finished.8.过去将来时：would be done例:He said that the trees would be planted soon.9.将来完成时：will/shall have been done 例:We will have cleaned the classroom by five ocloc
4、k. 10. 过去将来完成时： would have been done例:I said we would have cleaned the classroom by 500.,（2）.情态动词的被动语态,构成：情态动词 + be +及物动词的过去分词 否定式：在助动词 be 或情态动词后加not 疑问式：把上述助动词或情态动词提到主语之前,句尾加问号 例：Young trees must be watered often.,（3）.“seem/appear +过去分词”结构 有时“seem /appear +过去分词”也 可以构成被动语态。例：She seemed annoyedby his
5、 words.她似乎被他的话搞得很恼火。,用法 1.不知道动作的执行者是谁,或没有必要或 不想指出谁是动作的执行者. eg. The window was brokenyesterday. 2.强调或突出动作的承受者,此时如想同时 指出动作的执行者, 可用“by +动作执行者(宾格)来表示. eg.The red dress was made by her mother. 谁做的动作不知道 说出谁做的没有必要。动作承受者需强调 被动语态运用到。,（1）.动词不定式的被动语态,1. 动词不定式被动语态的一般式：由“ to be + P.P.(过去分词)”构成，在口语中，为了强调动作，也可以由“t
6、o get + P.P.”构成。表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者，该动作发生在谓语动词所表示动作之后。在句子中可以作表语、定语、宾语或状语。 例如： The little childs wish is to be taken to Disneyland. 小孩子的愿望是被领上去迪斯尼乐园。(作表语) The next thing to be done is to get the students organized in small groups. 下一步要做的事是把学生组织在一些小组里。(作后置定语) They asked to get sent to the west of
7、China to work as teachers. 他们请求被派到中国西部去当教师。(作宾语),2“get+过去分词”结构,被动语态除常用“be +过去分词”构成外，还可用“get+过去分词”结构。这种结构多用在口语中，强调动作的结果。 The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。 注意： 用“get+过去分词”结构时，其后的动作执行者（即by短语）一般不表示出来。 Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行车得到了修理。提示： 并不是所有的“be+过去分词”结构中的be都能被get或s
8、eem, appear等词代替。 【误】She got born in a small village. 【正】She was born in a small village. 她出生在一个小村庄。,动词不定式被动语态的完成式,结构：to have been +P.P. 表示不定式的逻辑主语是不定式所表示动作的承受者，该动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。 例如： I am glad to have been given a chance to improve my English. 我很高兴能有机会进修英语。(作状语) It is a great honor for him to have
9、been elected a model worker.当选为模范工人对他来说是一件很光荣的事。(作宾语补足语),动词-ing形式的被动语态,一般式 ：being + P.P. 表示一个被动动作正在进行或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行。在句子中作定语时，可以改为一个定语从句，从句的谓语用现在进行时的被动语态;在句中作状语时，可以改为一个状语从句，从句的谓语应用被动语态;还可以在句子中作主语、宾语等。,例如： 1.Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(= Youll find the topic which is being discu
10、ssed everywhere.) 你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。 (作定语) 2 .Being used, the machine cant be lent to others. (= As it is being used, the machine cant be lent to others. 因为正在被使用着，所以这台机器不能借给别人。 (作原因状语) 3.Being criticized helped him see things more clearly. 他受到批评后对一些事情看得比较明白些了。 (作主语) 4.I still remember being taken to Sh
11、anghai when I was a child. 我还记得小时候曾被带到上海。 (作宾语),动词-ing形式被动语态的完成式,结构：having been + P.P. 表示一个被动的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成了。在句子中，通常作状语，可以改为一个状语从句。 例如：Having been shown around the labs, we were taken to see the library. (= After we had been shown around the labs, we were taken to see the library. 参观了实验室之后，我们被
12、带去参观图书馆。(作时间状语),四含有名词性从句的被动语态 带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用it来作为 被动句的形式主语，宾语从句则变成了主语从句。 这种结构可以改为“主语+be+过去分词+动词不定式”形式。 Leonardo da Vinci_ birds kept in cages in order to have the pleasure of setting them free. A.is said to be buyingB.is said to have bought C.had said to buyD.has said to have boughtKey:B,常见的含有
13、名词性从句的被动结构的句型有,It is said that. 据说 It is ordered that. 根据命令 It is reported that. 据报道 It is well known that. 众所周知 It is announced that. 据宣布 It must be admitted that. 必须承认 It is required that. 根据要求 It must be pointed out that. 必须指出 It is generally considered that. 大家认为.,五. 被动语态结构的省略形式,在when，while，if，u
14、nless，though等引导的时间、条件或让步状语从句中，如果从句的主语和主句的主语一致，从句又含有be动词时，常可以省略从句的主语和be动词。 The flowers his friend gave him will die unless _ every day. A.watered B.watering C.water D.to water 解析：从句的主语和主句的主语一致，且和water之间是动宾关系，故可以省略从句的主语和be动词，故答案选A。,六主动表被动 1.表示状态特征的系动词look,feel,taste,sound, smell,seem,appear等常接形容词或名词作表
15、语。 The water _cool when I jumped into the poolfor morning exercise. A.was felt B.is felt C.felt D.feels 解析：由when引导的时间状语从句，应保持主从句 时态的一致性；feel是系动词， 只能用主动形式表示被动的含义。故答案选C。,2.表示主语的某种属性特征的动词， 如：read，write，sell，open，shut，begin，wash， wear，cut，lock，pack,act,draw,iron,dry,eat, heat,clean等,与副词well,smoothly,eas
16、ily等连用时， 说明主语内在的“性能”、“特点”，常用主动代替被动。 Books of this kind _ well. A.sell B.sells C.are sold D.is sold 解析：这种书很好卖，是说明主语内在的性能与特点， 所以应用主动形式表示被动含义；而句子的主语是books， 谓语动词应用复数形式。故答案选A。 3.少数动词用进行时的主动式表示被动含义， 这时句子的主语必须是无生命的物体。这些动词有build， print，cook，hang，fry，make等.例：The dinner is cooking. 正在烧饭。,4.need，want，require，s
17、tand，bear，deserve等词 后面常接主动的V-ing形式表示被动意义。As a result of the serious flood， two-thirds of the buildings in the area _. A.need repairing B.needs to repair C.needs repairing D.need to repair 解析：当句子的主语buildings是动作承受者时， need后接V-ing形式或者后接不定式的被动式，故答案选A。 5.动词不定式在某些作表语的形容词后，用主动形式表示被动含义。 当动词不定式作表语形容词easy， dif
18、ficult，hard，comfortable等的状语，又与句 子的主语构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 This question is difficult to answer.,6.动词不定式在某些作宾语补足语的形容词后， 用主动形式表示被动含义。当动词不定式在某些作宾语补 足语的形容词easy，difficult，hard等后，又与句子的宾语 构成动宾关系时，动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 We find the man hard to get along with. 注意：如果这类句子形容词的意思不完全时， 其不定式如有被动意义，仍必须用被动形式。 All inv
19、aders are sure to be punished. 所有侵略者都必定受到惩罚。在“This(That) is +名词” 的句型中，修饰表语的不定式用主动形式表示被动意义。 This is a hard question to answer.7.不定式作名词或代词的后置定语， 动词不定式的主动形式表示被动含义。 Ill give the students some good books to read.,8.在be worth doing结构中， 用V-ing分词形式表示被动含义。 The song is well worth listening to a second time. 9
20、不定式to let，to seek，to blame（应受责备）， to decide on用主动形式表示被动含义。 Mr Green stood up in defence of the 16-year-old boy， saying that he was not the one _. A.blamed B.blaming C.to blame D.to be blamed 解析： be to blame表示按职责、义务要求要发生 的动作，意为“应受谴责、应负责任”，故答案选C。10.作定语用的不定式的逻辑主语如果是句中主语或宾语时， 就用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。I have a l
21、ot of work to do. (主语I是不定式to do的逻辑主语),七：不能用被动语态的情况,1.不能用被动语态的动词及动词短语。如：cost，fit，suit，benefit，lack，happen to do sth，last，spread，belong to，break out，run out，go out，shut off，take place，work out，lose heart，consist of. appear, die， disappear, end (vi. 结束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, st
22、and， have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch， agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, take part in, walk into， come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart After the fire, very little remained of my house.,比较： rise, fall, happen是不及物动词；raise, seat是及物动词。(错)
23、 The price has been risen.(对) The price has risen.(错) The accident was happened last week. (对) The accident happened last week.(错) The price has raised. (对) The price has been raised.(错) Please seat. (对) Please be seated. With the rapid growth of the population，the city _ in all directions in the pa
24、st few years. A.spreads B.has spread C.has been spread D.had spread 解析：spread用主动形式表示被动含义，又由时间 状语in the past few years可知，句中应用现在完成时，故答案选B。,2.系动词无被动语态：,appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look,remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turnIt sounds good. 3.带同源宾语的及物动词，反身代词，相互代词，不能 用于被动语态：die,
25、 death, dream, live, lifeShe dreamed a bad dream last night. 4. 当宾语是不定式时，很少用于被动语态。(错) To swim is liked by her. (对) She likes to swim.,1.只有及 物动词能构成被动语态, 不及物动词 不能构成被动语态. What will happen in 100 years 2.某些不及 物 动词与介词.副词搭配构成短.语动词, 带有 宾语时,则有了动作的承受者,这时应把它们 看作一个整体,变为被动语态,不能丢掉其中 的介词,常用的有 look after,take care
26、 of, cut down, laugh at,talk about,turn on等 eg.Catherine always takes care of the little girl. The little girl is always taken care of by Catherine.,3.有 些动词短语本身即是被动语态的形式, 不 要再加by 短语, 常用的有 be covered with be surprised atbe interested in be worried about be made of/from be known to 4.某些动词形式是主动语态, 但含有
27、被动的意思： 如sell,cost,etc. eg. This dictionary sells well.,5.主动语态与被动语态的相互变化关系 主动句: 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 (动作执行者) (动作承受者) 被动句: 主语 +谓语动词的被动形式+ by + 动作执行者 (动作承受者) 1）主动句如何变为被动句 a.找到动作的承受者(常为主动句的宾语)作被动句的主语. b.找到谓语变为be + 过去分词的结构. c.找到动作的执行者(常为主动句的主语)作 by 的宾语. 若不必指出动作的执行者,可省去 by 短语. d.确定be动词的时态.数. 例如: She makes the bea
28、utiful kites. -The beautiful kites are made by her. (被动句),2）被动句如何变为主动句. a.找到动作的执行者(常为被动句的宾语)作主动句的主语. b.找到be+过去分词结构还原为及物动词原形. c.找到动作的承受者(常为被动句的主语)作主动句的宾语. d.确定及物动词的时态.数(注意)在以上转换中, 代词作主语用主格, 代词作宾语用宾格. 6.主动语态中有些动词如:make,see,listen, watch,feel后 常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语, 变为被动语态要带上to He made the boy work for hi
29、m. The boy was made to work for him.,7. 有些动词可以带双宾语 在用于被动结构时， 主动结构中的间接宾语变为主语时，直接宾语仍 然保留在谓语后面；直接宾语变为主语时， 间接宾语前通常加上介词for/to例：He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.在记者招待会上人们问了他很多问题 His uncle gave him a dictionary yesterday. He was given a dictionary by his uncle yesterday. 感官动词或使役动词
30、使用省略to的动词不定式， 主动语态中不带to ，但变为被动语态时，须加上to 。 例：make somebody do something somebody+ be +made to do something The boss made the little boy do heavy work. The little boy was made to do heavy workby the boss.,9 在there be 句中修饰主语的不定式，用主动形式表或 被动形式都可以，只是在口语中多用主动形式。 There are many questions to discuss/to be di
31、scussed. 但在nothing, anything 和something之后， 使用两种语态表示的意义有所不同。 There is nothing to do. 没有事可做。 There is nothing to be done. 没有办法。 10 以人作主语时，worthy后的不定式用主动形式 和被动形式都可以，但二者的意义不同。 He is worthy to take this position. 他配担任他的职务。(不定式的动作是句中主语发出的) He is not worthy to be chosen. 他不配当选。 (不定式的动作不是句中主语发出的),11.以-able
32、或ible 结尾的形容词可表示被动意义。 These tickets are available for one month. 这些票可用一个月。 有些介词短语用作表语或定语时，可以表示被动意义。 The thief is under arrest. = The thief has been arrested. 12 当不定式或动词的-ing形式与其逻辑主语之间 构成被动关系时，要用其用被动式。其形式归纳如下：,（1）Little Jim should love _ to the theatre this evening. A. to be taken B. to take C. being
33、taken D. taking 【分析】答案选A。句子主语Little Jim与take是被动关系， “被带去看戏”发生在“想(should love=want)”后，所以用不定式的被动式作宾语。 （2）After he became conscious, he remembered _ and _ on the head with a rod.A. to attack; hit B. to be attacked; to be hit C. attacking; be hit D. having been attacked; hit 【分析】特殊情况：“remember”接动名词的一般式或完
34、成式 均表示“记得已经发生过的事”，句子的主语he与并列的attack， hit是被动关系，答案应选D。（3）-Where is George? He said he would meet me at 3 oclock. -He seems _ with Mr. Brown in the office. A. to talk B. to be talking C.to have talked D. talking 【分析】seem 后接动词不定式作宾语，此处根据情景： 他似乎正在和布朗先生在办公室说话，应该用不定式的进行式，故选B。,被动语态中常用的介词： 1. by表示动作的执行者或施加者
35、By whom is the book written 这本书是谁写的？ 2with表示用某种工具 The wolf was killed with a gun. 狼被枪打死了。 3from表示源于某种物质（看不出原材料） Good wine is made from grain. 好酒是粮食制成的。 4of表示用某种材料制成（看得出原材料） The table is made of wood. 这张桌子是用木头做的。 5其他介词 You are wanted on the phone. 有电话找你。 He is known to everybody. 大家都认识他。 She was caught in the rain. 她遭雨淋了。,注意： 动作执行者可以由介词by引出的短语表示，但被 动语态句子中的by短语并不总是表示动作执行者。 A policeman is known by the clothes he wears. 警察可以通过他的服装辨认出来。 （by表示方式） He was much flattered by herasking him to dinner. 她邀请他吃晚饭，他受宠若惊了。 （by表示原因）The snow was piled high by the gate. 门口雪堆积得很高。 （by表示地点）,
